Classification and Evolution Flashcards by Ines T

List the taxonomic hierarchy of biological classifications

-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

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Define the term classification

Placing living organisms into groups based on their similarities & differences

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What is taxonomy?

Study of the principles of classification

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State 4 reasons why scientists classify organisms

-Identify species
-Predict characteristics
-Study organisms
-Find evolutionary links (share characteristics bc evolved from common ancestor)

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Name the 3 domains

-Archaea
-Eukarya
-Bacteria

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What is a species?

Group of organisms very similar in anatomy, physiology, biochemsitry & genetics

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Why do we need binomial names?

-Diff common names used in diff countries
-Diff languages
-Same common name may apply to diff species
-Provides universal language to talk about species

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Name the 5 kingdoms

-Prokaryotae
-Protoctista (Protist)
-Fungi
-Plant
-Animal

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State 3 differences between archaebacteria and eubacteria

-Diff enzymes for building RNA
-Diff mechanisms for DNA replication & building DNA
-Diff cell surface membrane structure & flagella w/ diff internal structure

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State 3 similarities between archaebacteria and eukaryotes

-Similar enzymes for building RNA
-Similar mechanism for DNA replication & building RNA
-Production of some proteins that bind to their DNA

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Give an example of a) a unicellular fungi and b) a multicellular fungi

a) Yeast
b) Mushrooms

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Out of the 5 kingdoms which ones are eukaryotic?

-Protist
-Fungi
-Plant
-Animal

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State which kingdoms are composed of unicellular organisms and which are composed of multicellular organisms

-Prokaryote: U
-Protist: some U, some M
-Fungi: some U, some M
-Plant: M
-Animal: M

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State the type of DNA found in each of the kingdoms

-Prokaryote: Naked DNA/plasmids
-Rest: Chromosomes in nucleus

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State the type of ribosomes each of the kingdoms have

-Prokaryote: 70s
-Rest: 80s

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State whether the organisms in each of the 5 kingdoms have a cell wall or not

-Prokaryote: Yes, made of peptidoglycan
-Protist: Can have one (varies)
-Fungi: Yes, made of chitin
-Plant: Yes, made of cellulose
-Animal: No

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State how each of the 5 kingdoms gain nutrition

-Prokaryote & protist: Either
-Fungi & animals: Heterotroph
-Plant: Autotroph

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State the 2 kingdoms where the organisms may have chlorophyll

-Plants
-Protists

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What is phylogeny?

Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

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State 4 pieces of evidence that can be used to classify organisms

-Genetics
-Anatomy
-Biochemistry
-Physiology

What are homologous structures?

-Have similar anatomy
-Share connection to common ancestor

What are analogous structures?

-May have similar function
-But diff evolutionary origin

Explain why using anatomical features alone to classify organisms can be problematic

-Convergent evolution: Evolution of similar traits in distantly related organisms
-Divergent evolution: Organisms w/ common ancestor evolve differences & become diff species

Describe how molecular evidence can be used to clarify relationships between organisms

-Proteins/RNA/DNA because all have sequences
-The more similar DNA base sequences the more closely related 2 species are
-The more diff the longer it has been since they shared common ancestor

State the cause of changes to DNA base sequences

Mutations

Describe a limitation to using molecular evidence to clarify the relationships between organisms

-If there were prior mutations which later changed back to original base, we wouldn't know it changed -e.g. Original = A, then changed to T, then C, then back to A

Explain how fossils are created

-Organism dies (preferably in anoxic environ) -Sedimentation (layers of silt/sediment over organism) -Gradually organism = replaced by minerals -Fossil forms

What is meant by the term anoxic?

Low O2

Explain why carbon dating is not a suitable measure of how old a fossil is

C is replaced by minerals

Explain what is meant by the term monophyletic

Organisms belong to same phylogenetic group

Compare interspecific & intraspecific variation

-Inter: Variation between diff species -Intra: Variation within species

What is variation?

Diff in characteristics between organisms

Describe the process of natural selection

-Spontaneous + random mutation -> diff versions of genes (alleles) -Creates genetic variation between individuals of species (intraspecific variation) -Once variety exists, environ 'selects' certain characteristics/alleles (selection pressure) -Individuals w/ advantageous characteristics more likely to survive + reproduce (natural selection) -Pass on advantageous characteristics (inheritance) -Next gen = higher proportion of individuals w/ successful characteristics (allele frequency) -Over t, organisms become well adapted to environ (adaptation)

Suggest why the fossil record is not complete

Not everything fossilises

What are vestigial characteristics?

-Anatomical features that no longer serve function -Evidence of evolution

What is the fossil record?

-Diff fossils found in diff layers of rock (strata) -Showing organisms have gradually changed over t

Explain how the fossil record provides evidence for the theory of evolution

-Simpler organisms found in older rocks, more complex in newer rocks -Sequence matches ecological links

Explain why phylogenetic classification is an improvement from Linnean classification

-Based on common ancestors using biochemical/genetic evidence -Based on evolutionary relationships -Doesn't force species into false groups -Takes into account time

State 4 genetic causes of variation

-Mutations -Alleles -Meiosis (crossing over, independent assortment) -Sexual reproduction

State 6 environmental causes of variation

-Access to nutrients -Light intensity -Injury/damage -Disease -Climate (temp, rainfall etc. -Activity level

Compare continuous and discontinuous variation

Continuous -2 extremes & full range of intermediate values between them -Controlled by genetics + environ -Graphical representation: histogram Discontinuous -2 or more distinct group w/ no intermediate values (discrete variables) -Controlled by genetics -Bar chart

State the formula for standard deviation

square root of (sigma(x-mean of x)squared/n-1) n=no. data points (sample size)

State the formula for the rate of reaction

1/time

Give examples of continuous variation in animals (2), plants (3) and microorganisms (1)

a) aHeight -Foot size b) -Size of guard cell -Leaf size -Plant height c) -Bacterial colony size

Give examples of discontinuous variation in animals (2), plants (2) and microorganisms (1)

a) -Blood type -Eye colour b) -Flower colour -Seed shape c) -Spore formation (in fungi some strains form spores others do not)

Why might organisms from different taxonomic groups show similar anatomical features?

State what is meant by the term heterotroph

Obtain C compounds by consuming other organisms

State what is meant by the term autotroph

Synthesise C compounds from inorganic sources e.g. CO2 & water