Cell structure

Question 1

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Question 2

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 2

Have organelles

Question 3

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 3

Don’t have organelles

Question 4

What type of cell is a paramecium?

Answer 4

A single giant cell

Question 5

How does paramecium swim?

Answer 5

By beating the cilia that cover its surface

Question 6

Where does Chlamydomonas live?

Answer 6

Soil, fresh water, oceans, snow on top of mountains

Question 7

What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

Answer 7

Yeast cell used for baking bread

Question 8

How does Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduce?

Answer 8

By budding

Question 9

What bacteria causes stomach ulcers?

Answer 9

Helicobacter pylori

Question 10

What do human epithelial cells cover?

Answer 10

Inner and outer body cavities

Question 11

What is the function of epithelial cells in the lungs?

Answer 11

Form the structure of the lung, including the alveoli

Question 12

What is lividity?

Answer 12

Bluish-purple discoloration of skin after death

Question 13

What causes lividity?

Answer 13

Pooling of blood due to gravity after the heart stops pumping

Question 14

What are the most abundant types of molecules in cells?

Answer 14

• Water
• Carbon-based molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Amino acids
• Nucleotides

Question 15

What are the properties of lipids?

Answer 15

• Hydrocarbon chain
• Hydrophobic
• Amphipathic

Question 16

What are the common monosaccharides in cells composed of?

Answer 16

Entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 17

What are amino acids classified as?

Answer 17

Polymers containing amino and carboxylic acid groups

Question 18

How are amino acids linked together?

Answer 18

By peptide bonds

Question 19

What do nucleotides consist of?

Answer 19

• Sugar
• Phosphate group
• Base

Question 20

What distinguishes RNA from DNA?

Answer 20

RNA contains ribose; DNA contains deoxyribose

Question 21

What do cells contain that perform specialized functions?

Answer 21

Distinct structures

Question 22

What is the principle of division of labor in cells?

Answer 22

Cells specialize to accomplish necessary tasks to remain alive

Question 23

What separates cellular contents into distinct regions?

Answer 23

Membranes

Question 24

What is the role of proteins in cells?

Answer 24

Perform a small number of cellular tasks

Question 25

True or False: Eukaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Lividity is associated with _______.

Answer 26

livor mortis

Question 27

What can be determined using Paramecium

Answer 27

That if they are found in the lungs of someone who drowned in the ocean they were moved there as only found in stagnant water.

Question 28

How does Helicobacter Plyori move

Answer 28

Using a handful of whip-like flagella to propel itself

Question 29

What is the primary function of epithelia in the lungs?

Answer 29

Epithelia form the structure of the lung, including the alveoli or air sacs where gas exchange occurs ## Footnote Alveoli are crucial for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in respiration.

Question 30

Which organs are lined by epithelial cells?

Answer 30

Epithelial cells line most organs, including: * Stomach * Small intestine * Kidney * Pancreas * Esophagus ## Footnote These cells play critical roles in protection, absorption, and secretion.

Question 31

In addition to organs, where else can epithelial cells be found?

Answer 31

Epithelial cells can be found in ducts and glands, such as: * Bile duct * Salivary glands ## Footnote These cells help in the secretion of various substances.

Question 32

What specialized roles can epithelia perform?

Answer 32

Epithelia can specialize to act as sensory receptors, forming: * Taste buds * Linings of the nose * Structures in the ear * Components in the eye ## Footnote These specialized epithelia are essential for sensory perception.

Question 33

What type of epithelial cells line female reproductive organs?

Answer 33

Ciliated epithelial cells ## Footnote Ciliated cells help move substances along the surface, important in reproductive processes.

Question 34

What is the composition of the skin?

Answer 34

The skin is made of epithelial cells, exhibiting striated layers that demonstrate extensive morphology ## Footnote The skin serves as a barrier and plays roles in protection and sensation.

Question 35

When do epithelial cells first differentiate in the embryo?

Answer 35

During the eight-cell stage of embryonic development ## Footnote This early differentiation is crucial for the formation of various tissues and organs.

Question 36

How many skin cells does a person shed a day?

Answer 36

400,000

Question 37

What happens to the body when levels of CO2 in the blood begin to rise?

Answer 37

The body can respond through hyperventilation or hypoventilation ## Footnote Hyperventilation is rapid breathing, while hypoventilation is slow breathing.

Question 38

What compound is formed when CO2 is bound to hemoglobin?

Answer 38

A carbamino compound ## Footnote This compound plays a role in CO2 transport in the blood.

Question 39

What effect does high CO2 and H+ concentrations have on hemoglobin's affinity for O2?

Answer 39

The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is decreased ## Footnote This is related to the Bohr effect, where increased acidity lowers hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity.

Question 40

How does carbon monoxide enter the blood?

Answer 40

CO diffuses rapidly into the blood after entering through the lungs ## Footnote This rapid diffusion contributes to the toxic effects of CO.

Question 41

What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the body?

Answer 41

It causes hypoxia through the formation of COHb ## Footnote COHb is carboxyhemoglobin, which is less effective at transporting oxygen.

Question 42

What shift does carbon monoxide cause in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 42

A leftward shift ## Footnote This shift indicates increased affinity of hemoglobin for O2, but reduced availability of oxygen to tissues.

Question 43

What proteins does carbon monoxide bind to in the body?

Answer 43

It binds to heme-containing proteins, particularly cytochrome c oxidase and myoglobin ## Footnote This binding disrupts normal cellular respiration and oxygen utilization.