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Biology > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

cells that contain a nucleus and organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane.

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2
Q

ultrastructure

A

a fine structure within a cell that can only be seen with a high magnification includes e.g organelles that allow the cell to function

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3
Q

non membranous organelles

A 
ribosome 
centrioles
cilia and flagella 
cytoskeleton
plant cell wall
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4
Q

3 similarities between a plant and animal cell

A

both eukaryotic cells
both have membrane bound organelles
both have a nucleus

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5
Q

3 differences between a plant and animal cell

A 
plant cells have:
   * cell wall 
   * chloroplast
   * vacuole
plant cells are usually larger than animals (10-100 compared to 10 to 30 micrometres)
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6
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

single celled organism without a nucleus or membrane bound organisms

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7
Q

examples of prokaryotic cells

A

eubacteria

archea

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8
Q

examples of eukaryotic cells

A

animals
plants
fungi
protoctista (algae)

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9
Q

size of prokaryotic cell

A

0.1-10 micrometers

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10
Q

size of eukaryotic cells

A

20-30 micrometers

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11
Q

outline structure and function of the nucleus

A 
structure 
1. double membrane
2. has nuclear pores 
3. contains chromatin made up of DNA and proteins
4. often contains nucleolus 
function 
1. controls cell activity 
2. contains code for proteins 
3. pores allow RNA to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
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12
Q

outline structure and function of nucleolus

A
  1. structure in the nucleus responsible for the production of RNA and ribosomes
    (composed of RNA which is used to produce ribosomal RNA which combines with protein to form ribosome)
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13
Q

outline structure and function of the nuclear envelope

A
  1. allows molecules to move between nucleus and the cytoplasm
  2. protects the nucleus from damage in cytoplasm
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14
Q

outline structure and function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

structure
1. membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae
2. covered in ribosomes
function
1. transports proteins made in ribosomes on surface

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15
Q

outline structure and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

structure
1. membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae
function
1. synthesizes, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

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16
Q

outline structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

A

structure
1. group of fluid filled, membrane bound flattened sacs
2. vesicles often found on the outside
function
modifies and packages proteins and pinches them into vesicles for transport

17
Q

outline structure and function of ribosome

A 
structure 
1. small organelle that either floats free in cytoplasm or is attached to ribosome 
2. made of proteins and RNA
3. not membrane bound 
function 
1. site where proteins are made
18
Q

outline structure and function of mitochondrion

A

structure
1. have own nucleus
2. usually oval shape
3. has double membrane - inner one folds up into structures called cristae
3. matrix full of enzymes involved in respiration
function
1. site where ATP is produced in respiration
2. in large numbers in the cell and very active

19
Q

outline structure and function of lysozymes

A 
structure 
1. round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure 
function 
1. contain digestive enzymes contained separate from cytoplasm in the membrane which can be used to break down invading cell or dead components of the cell
20
Q

outline structure and function of chloroplast

A

structure

  1. small flattened sac found in plants
  2. surrounded by a double membrane
  3. has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes stacked to form grana
  4. grana are linked together by lamellae (fibers of thylakoid)
21
Q

outline the function and structure of plasma membrane

A

structure
1. membrane found of surface of animal cells and behind cell wall of plant and fungi cells
2. made up of mainly proteins and lipids
function
1. regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell
2. has receptor molecules which respond to chemicals such as hormones

22
Q

outline the structure and function of centrioles

A

structure
1. small hollow cylinders made up of microtubules 2. found in animals but only some plants
function
1. involved in separation of chromosomes in cell division

23
Q

outline the structure and function of cell wall

A

structure
1. rigid structure surrounding the plant
2. made up of mainly cellulose or chitin
function
1. supports the cell

24
Q

outline structure and function of flagella

A

structure
1. stick out of cell surface and are surrounded by the plasma membrane
2. two microtubules in the center and 9 pairs around the edge
function
1. microtubules contract to make cell move
2. like an outward propeller to make cell move

25
Q

outline structure and function of cilia

A

structure
1. small hair like structures found on the surface of some animal cells
2. in the cross section they have 9 pairs of microtubules around the edge with one pair in the middle
structure
1. microtubules allow cilia to move the cell uses this to move substances along its surface

26
Q

outline the 3 structures of the cytoskeleton

A

set of fibers essential for shape and stability of cell
microtubules - globular tubular proteins polymerized to form tubes which act like a scaffold which determines shape of the cell
microfilaments - made of actin (a protein) forming contractile fibers
intermediate filaments - composed of fibrous subunits - keratin coiled together

27
Q

describe the functions of the microfilaments in the cell

A
  1. microfilaments involved in cytokinesis - pinching effect actin ring between two cells pulled on shrinking and pulling membrane with it splitting cell in two.
  2. microfilaments anchored to proteins in cell membrane - allowed to push and pull on membrane to move cell. subunits can be added to protein depending on rate of addition cell then moves in specific direction
28
Q

describe the functions of microtubules in the cell

A
  1. cilia and flagella made of 9 pairs +2 microtubules and are involved of the movement of the whole cell or moving things across cell surface.
  2. centrioles composed of microtubules in a triplet circle which are used to move chromosomes in cell division
  3. shape of the cell
  4. movement of organelles - act as tracts for e.g. vesicles to move along them
29
Q

outline structure and function of cell wall in prokaryotes

A 
structure 
1. made of peptidoglycan or murein
function 
1. structure and support for the cell
30
Q

outline structure and function of ribosomes in prokaryotes

A

smaller 70S ribosomes made of two sub units

involved in production of proteins

31
Q

outline structure and function of the bacterial flagellum

A

structure

  1. made of protein flagellin
  2. thinner + not 9+2 arrangement
32
Q

outline structure and function of plasmid in prokaryotes

A

structure

  1. small loops of DNA
  2. used to swap genetic material between bacteria to evolve fast
33
Q

outline structure and function of bacterial chromosome

A

contains code for proteins

34
Q

outline structure and function of cytoskeleton in prokaryotes

A

less complex than in eukaryotes as flagella will propel cell by microfilaments

35
Q

outline structure and function of pili in prokaryotes

A

protein hairs adhered to surface

36
Q

outline structure and function of slime capsule in prokaryotes

A

a layer around the cell to prevent it from drying

37
Q

comparison of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  1. Reproduction: EC- asexual or sexual. PC- Binary fission
  2. Cell size: EC- 20-40 um diameter PC- usually 0.5- 5 um diameter
  3. location of genetic material: EC- In the nucleus PC- free in the cytoplasm

Biology (11 decks)

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