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Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Composite Cell

A

typical cell
Various size, function, and structure
Fundamental Unit of Life

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2
Q

Nucleus composed chiefly of…….?

A

rRNA

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3
Q

The Plasma Membrane

A

separates the cell from its surrounding environment, the outer boundary of a cell.

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4
Q

The Nucleus

A

A large membranous structure near the center of the cell.

DNA is a major constituent

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A thick, gel-like substance inside the cell composed of numerous organelles suspended in watery cytosol.

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6
Q

Each cell contains…….?

A

Plasma membrane

Membranous organelles

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7
Q

Membranous Organelles

A

Sacs and canals made of the same material as the plasma membrane.

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8
Q

Nonmembranous

A

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli, Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Ribosomes

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9
Q

Membranous

A

Mitochondria, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vesicles

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10
Q

Molecules of the cell membrane are arranged……?

A

In a Sheet.

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11
Q

The mosaic of molecules is…..?

A

Fluid

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12
Q

This model illustrates that the…….of the……form a continuous sheet.

A

molecules

cell membrane

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13
Q

The fluid mosaic model is a……….?

A

a theory explaining how cell membranes are constructed.

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14
Q

Molecules are able to ………., like a fluid.

A

float around slowly

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15
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins (IMPs)

A

A cell controls what moves through the membrane by IMP.

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

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16
Q

Some IMPs have ……. attached to them and as a result form ……..

A

carbohydrates

glycoproteins

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17
Q

Some IMPs are ….. that react to specific………

A

receptors

chemicals

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18
Q

identification markers or signs

A

Glycoproteins

recognized by other molecules that identify the enclosed areas

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19
Q

What can trigger signal transduction?

A

Receptors

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20
Q

signal transduction

A

the process by which cells translate the signal received by a membrane receptor into a specific chemical change in the cell.

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21
Q

Two major groups of organelles

A

Membranous organelles

Nonmembranous organelles

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22
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes synthesize proteins and intracellular transportation, which move toward the Golgi apparatus and eventually leave the cell

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23
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesizes certain lipids and carbohydrates and creates membranes for use throughout the cell.
Removes and stores calcium ions (Ca++) from the cell’s interior

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24
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

made up of membranous-walled canals and flat, curving sacs arranged in parallel rows throughout the cytoplasm; they extend from the plasma membrane to the nucleus

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25
What moves through canals?
Proteins
26
Rough ER is made up of.......?
Broad, flattened sacs that extend outward from the boundary of the nucleus
27
What dots the outer surface of the membraneous walls of the Rough ER?
Ribosomes but they are not found in smooth ER
28
Which ER are more less established and more varied
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
29
Ribosomes
make proteins for “export” or to be embedded in the plasma membrane attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and many lie free, scattered throughout the cytoplasm
30
Free Ribosomes
make proteins for the cell’s domestic use
31
What moves to the golgi apparatus after breaking away from the endoplasmic reticulum?
vesicles and fuse with the first cisterna
32
Once all processed proteins leave the.........the contents may then be secreted to outside the cell.
final cisterna
33
Lysosomes
Made of microscopic membranous sacs that have “pinched off” from Golgi apparatus
34
The interior of the............. contains various kinds of enzymes capable of breaking down all the protein components of a cell.
lysosome
35
Lysosomes do what with amino acids?
Recycle
36
Lysosomes are the what of the cell?
Digestive System- Digest amino acids
37
Lysosomes change what with the stage of their activity?
Size and Shape
38
Residual Bodies
are vesicles containing indigestible materials
39
Residual bodies are either........ by the cell via ..........
secreted | exocytosis ( only occurs in macrophages
40
If residual bodies are not secreted they become.......?
lipofuscin granules that remain in the cytosol indefinitely.
41
Proteasomes
Hollow, protein cylinders found throughout the cytoplasm, break down abnormal/misfolded proteins and normal proteins no longer needed by the cell
42
Proteasomes break down ......... one at a time by tagging each one with a chain of .........
protein molecules | ubiquitin molecules
43
Ubiquitin
is a small protein that is found in almost all cellular tissues in humans and other eukaryotic organisms, which helps to regulate the processes of other proteins in the body
44
Ubiquitin enters the........ and pulls the rest of the protein in after it; the protein is........, and the peptide bonds begin to ......
proteasome unfolded break apart
45
Peroxisomes
Small membranous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful substances that enter the cells
46
Where are Peroxisomes found?
Often seen in kidney and liver cells
47
The.......... is a type of....... that contains; it is present in the....... of some cells.
peroxisome vesicle enzymes cytoplasm
48
Peroxisomes contain the enzymes........ and......., which are important in detoxification
peroxidase | catalase
49
Peroxisomes serve different........... functions in the body.
detoxification
50
Mitochondria
The “power plants” of cells ATP production | Double membrane structure that is contorted into folds called cristae
51
Mitochondria is made of........?
microscopic sacs
52
Each mitochondrian has what type of molecule?
DNA
53
Structure of the Nucleus
Consists of a nuclear envelope surrounding nucleoplasm and Contains DNA, the heredity molecules
54
Nuclear Envelope
composed of two membranes, each with essentially the same molecular structure as the plasma membrane
55
DNA appears as........?
Chromatin threads or granules in nondividing cells | Chromosomes in early stages of cell division
56
The Nucleus
a spherical body in the center of a cell enclosed by an envelope with many pores.
57
Nuclear Pores
Holes of the nuclear envelope
58
Functions of the......... are functions of DNA molecules; DNA determines both the........ and..... of cells and heredity.
nucleus structure function
59
Cytoskeleton
The cell’s internal supporting framework
60
The framework is made of.........?
Made up of tiny, flexible fibers and rigid, rodlike pieces
61
It can move the cell or its parts?
Cytoskeleton
62
The cytoskeleton can detect ........ inside and outside the cell.
changes
63
Cell Fibers
Fibers appear to support the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and “free” ribosomes
64
Microfilaments
Serve as cellular muscles | Can slide past each other and cause shortening of the cell
65
Cell fibers are intricately arranged........ of varying length that form a ...........,........... shaped lattice.
fibers three-dimensional irregularly
66
Microfilaments are the........... cell fibers
smallest
67
Microfilaments are made of ......, twisted strands of ............... that lie parallel to the .......... of the cell.
thin protein molecules long axis
68
Microtubules
Microtubules are tiny, hollow tubes; they are the thickest of the cell fibers. Made of protein subunits arranged in a spiral fashion
69
Whose function is to move things around inside the cell?
Microtubules
70
Centrosome
Nonmembranous structure also called the microtubule organizing center (MTOC)
71
What plays an important role in cell division?
Centrosome
72
Centrioles identify the general location of.......?
Centrosome
73
The centrosome is an area of the cytoplasm near the....... that coordinates the........ and ....... apart of microtubules in the cell.
nucleus building breaking
74
Molecular Motors
can pull larger structures along microtubules and microfilaments as if along a track; this provides intracellular transport and movements of the entire cell
75
Dynein, Myosin, and Kinesin are what?
Motor proteins
76
Cilia
Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella; all cilia have sensory functions. Assists epithelial cells in absorption
77
Flagella
are found only on human sperm cells
78
Microvilli
They are good for absorbing things and for secreting things.
79
What can give a cell 600 times more surface area?
Microvilli
80
The ........... forms projections that extend the ........... outward to form tiny, fingerlike processes.
cytoskeleton | plasma membrane
81
Where are Microvilli found?
epithelial cells that line the intestines
82
Microvilli plays a big part in ...... ?
Absorption
83
Cillia and Flagella have what in their core?
microtubules and molecular motors
84
Some cilia found in groups have coordinated.......... movements that brush .......... past the cell’s surface
oarlike | material
85
Projections from the cell that move ........ and ........
material | mucus
86
Flagella move with ........ movements that ........ the sperm cells forward.
tail-like | propel
87
Desmosomes
Fibers on the outer surface of each desmosome interlock with each other
88
what are like “spot welds” at various points connecting adjacent membranes
Spot desmosomes
89
Gap junctions form ..... or "tunnels" that join the .......... of two cells.
Gaps | Cytoplasms
90
Desmosomes are anchored internally by ........ ?
intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
91
How are gap junctions formed?
When membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other
92
What encircles the entire cell?
Belt desmosomes
93
Cell connections are known as
Tight Junctions
94
Cell connections occur in cells that are joined by .....?
“collars” of tightly fused material
95
Molecules cannot permeate the cracks of .........?
tight junctions or cell connections
96
what occurs in the lining of the intestines and other parts of the body where it is important to control what gets through a what?
Tight Junctions | sheet of cells
97
A cells lifespan is?
120 days
98
What holds a majority of ribosome?
Rough ER
99
Microvilli is similar to what?
Cillia
100
rRna is what?
Ribosomal RNA
101
Membraneous organelles are similar to what?
Cytoplasma
102
Macrophages do what?
Clean house like pacman
103
Cisterna
Flattened membrane disk
104
Mitochondria has the ability to .....?
Replicate
105
What four proteins are needed for muscle contraction?
Lynein, myosin, kinesin, triponin
106
What happens when one has a high level of triponin?
Heart Attack
107
What is the first step of a lysosome to Residual body?
Envelopment
108
What is the second step of a lysosome to residual body?
Sealing
109
What is the third step of a lysosome to residual body?
Merging with lysosome
110
What is the fourth step of a lysosome to residual body?
Resulting residual body

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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