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Anatomy & Physiology > Organization of Body > Flashcards

Organization of Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

An idea or principle to be tested in experiments.

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2
Q

Experiment

A

A series of tests of a hypothesis; a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences.

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3
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a degree of confidence.

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4
Q

Law

A

A theory that has an unusually high level of confidence.

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5
Q

Science is affected by….?

A

culture, and culture is affected by society

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6
Q

Anatomy and physiology

A

Branches of biology concerned with the form and functions of the body

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7
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts.

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8
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Used before the invention of the microscope, when early anatomists could make only a gross, or whole, examination relying only on their eyes during dissection.

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9
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of body parts with a microscope.

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10
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells; histology is the study of tissues.

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11
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

The study of human growth and development.

the study of human growth and development.

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12
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

The study of diseased body structures.

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13
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

The study of the body by systems.

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14
Q

Systems

A

Groups of organs that have a common function, such as bones in the skeletal system and muscles in the muscular system.

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15
Q

Organism

A

Human or plant physiology

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16
Q

Organizational Level

A

Molecular or cellular physiology

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17
Q

Systemic Function

A

Respiratory physiology, neurophysiology, or cardiovascular physiology

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18
Q

Autopoiesis

A

Living organisms are self-organized and self-maintaining

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19
Q

Cell theory

A

If it is made of one or more cells, it is alive

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20
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body

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21
Q

Organization of chemical structures separates…..?

A

living material from nonliving material

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Is the essential material of human life.

Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter

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23
Q

Death

A

occurs when proper relationships between chemical elements are not maintained.

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24
Q

Organelles

A

cannot survive outside the cell; cells cannot survive without the organelles.

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25
Mitochondria
Are the “power houses” of cells that provide energy needed by the cell to function.
26
The Golgi Apparatus
A set of sacs that provides a “packaging” service to the cell by storing material for future internal use or for export from the cell.
27
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of channels within the cell that acts as a “highway” for the movement of chemicals and as sites for chemical processing.
28
Each cell has a.....?
a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane
29
Cells
The smallest and most numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life.
30
Fat Cells
Permit the storage of fats; cardiac muscle cells can contract with great force.
31
Muscle, bone, nerve, and blood cells
Examples of structurally and functionally unique cells.
32
Organs
Discrete and functionally complex operational units
33
Organ
A unique size, shape, appearance, and placement in the body. Organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special function.
34
The Organ Level
ex. The Heart
35
Muscle and Connective Tissues
Ex. Give it shape and pump blood
36
Epithelial Tissues
Line the cavities
37
Nervous Tissues
permit control of the pumping contractions of the heart
38
System level involves.....?
Varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions
39
What is greater than the sum of its parts?
living human organism
40
Reference Position
Body erect with arms at sides, palms forward | Head and feet pointing forward
41
Bilateral Symmetry
Balanced proportions-the right and left sides of the body are mirror images. Most Obvious.
42
Ipsilateral Structures
Are on the same side of the body
43
Contralateral Structures
Are on opposite sides of the body
44
Thoracic cavity - Ventral Body Cavity
Right and left pleural cavities | Mediastinum
45
Abdominopelvic cavity- Ventral
Abdominal cavity | Pelvic cavity
46
Pleural Cavities
The lungs
47
Mediastinum
The heart, trachea, right and left bronchi, esophagus, thymus, various blood vessels, thoracic duct, and other lymphatic vessels, various lymph nodes, and nerves
48
The abdominal Cavity
Holds the liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, and ureters
49
Pelvic Cavity.
The bladder, certain reproductive organs, and part of the large intestine
50
The Cranial Cavity
The space within the skull that houses the brain
51
The Spinal Cavity
The location of the spinal cord, lies within the hollow spinal canal formed by a stacked column of donut-shaped vertebrae.
52
Axial Subdivision
Head Neck Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisions
53
Appendicular subdivision
Upper extremity and subdivisions | Lower extremity and subdivisions
54
Right Hypochondriac Region
Upper Right, Underneath breast
55
Epigastric
Upper Center Chest
56
Left Hypochondriac Region
Upper Left Underneath Breast
57
Right Lumbar Region
Right side beneath Right Hypochondriac Region
58
Umbilical Region
Center stomach below Epigastric
59
Left Lumbar Region
Left side beneath Left Hypochondriac
60
Right Iliac (inguinal) Region
Right Side Below Right Lumbar
61
Hypogastric region
Below the Umbilical Region
62
Left Iliac (inguinal) Region
Left Side below Left Lumbar
63
Abdominal Quadrants
Right Upper, Left Upper | Right Lower, Left Lower
64
Superior
Toward the head, upper, or above
65
Inferior
Means toward the feet, lower, or below
66
Anterior
Toward the belly, front, or in front of
67
Posterior
Toward the back, back, or in back of
68
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
69
Lateral
Toward the side of the body, or away from the midline
70
Proximal
Toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts
71
Distal
Means away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part
72
Superficial
Nearer the surface
73
Deep
Means farther away from the body surface.
74
Lumen
The hollow area in organs, such as the stomach, small intestine, airways of the lungs, blood vessels, urinary organs, and so on
75
The Central Nervous System
Includes the brain and spinal cord
76
Peripheral Nervous System
Includes the nerves of the muscles, skin, and other organs that are nearer the outer boundaries of the body
77
Medullary
Refers to the inner region or core of an organ
78
Cortical
Refers to the outer region or layer of an organ
79
Basal
Refers to the base or widest part of a region
80
Apical
Refers to the narrow tip of an organ
81
The Sagittal Plane
Runs front to back, so sections through this plane divide the body (or body part) into right and left sides.
82
Midsagittal Median Sagittal
If a section divides the body (or part) into symmetrical right and left halves
83
The Frontal Plane
Runs lengthwise (side to side) and divides the body (or part) into anterior or posterior portions.
84
The Transverse Plane
A “crosswise” plane and divides the body into upper and lower parts.
85
Cross-Section
A cut along a plane parallel with the short axis of an organ
86
Longitudinal Section
A cut along the long axis of an organ
87
Oblique Sections
Sometimes it is helpful to make a cut along a plane that is not at right angles to the planes we have already mentioned
88
Developmental Processes
Structure and function of body undergo changes over the early years
89
Aging Processes
Structure and function of body undergo changes over the late years
90
Body functions least well......?
Infancy and old age are periods
91
Period of greatest homeostatic efficiency?
Young adulthood
92
Every ........, regardless of location or function, changes over time.
Organ
93
In a healthy young adult, all body systems are.......?
Mature and Fully operational
94
Atrophy
A term used to describe the wasting effects of advanced age

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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