Cell Structure and Division - Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles Flashcards
List the structures within an animal cell.
11
Plasma (cell surface) membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Ribosome Nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
Plant cells have all the same organelles as animal cells, but with a few added extras.
What are these?
(3)
- A cellulose cell wall
with plasmodesmata
(‘channels’ for exchanging substances with adjacent cells) - A vacuole
(compartment that contains cell sap) - Chloroplasts
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NOTE:
You might also see starch grains in plant cells, although they’re not organelles.
Plants use starch grains to store excess sugars.
How do ALGAL and FUNGAL cells compare to plant cells?
ALGAL cells are a lot like plant cells – they have all the same organelles, including a cell wall and chloroplasts.
FUNGAL cells are also a lot like plant cells, but with two key differences:
- their cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose
- they don’t have chloroplasts (because they don’t photosynthesise)
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NOTE:
Algae carry out photosynthesis, like plants, but can be single-celled or multicellular.
Fungi include mushrooms and yeast.
What is a CELL-SURFACE (PLASMA) MEMBRANE?
CELL-SURFACE (PLASMA) MEMBRANE:
The membrane found on the SURFACE of ANIMAL CELLS
and just inside the cell wall of other cells.
It is mainly made of LIPIDS and PROTEINS.
What is the function of a CELL-SURFACE (PLASMA) MEMBRANE?
CELL-SURFACE (PLASMA) MEMBRANE
function:
REGULATES the MOVEMENT of substances INTO and OUT of the cell.
It also has RECEPTOR MOLECULES on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
What is a NUCLEUS?
NUCLEUS:
A large organelle surrounded by a NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (double membrane), which contains many PORES.
The nucleus contains CHROMOSOMES (which are made from PROTEIN-BOUND LINEAR DNA) and one or more structure(s) called a NUCLEOLUS.
What is the function of a NUCLEUS?
NUCLEUS
function:
The nucleus CONTROLS the CELL’S ACTIVITIES
(by controlling the transcription of DNA).
DNA contains instructions to make proteins.
The PORES allow substances (e.g. RNA) to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The NUCLEOLUS makes RIBOSOMES.
What is a MITOCHONDRION?
MITOCHONDRION:
They’re usually oval-shaped.
They have a DOUBLE-MEMBRANE –
– the inner one is folded to form structures called CRISTAE.
Inside is the MATRIX, which contains enzymes involved in respiration.
What is the function of a MITOCHONDRION?
MITOCHONDRION
function:
The site of AEROBIC RESPIRATION, where ATP is produced.
They’re found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of ENERGY.
What is a CHLOROPLAST?
CHLOROPLAST:
A small, flattened structure found in PLANT and ALGAL cells.
It’s surrounded by a DOUBLE MEMBRANE,
and also has membranes inside called THYLAKOID MEMBRANES.
These membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form GRANA.
GRANA are linked together by LAMELLAE –
– thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane.
What is the function of a CHLOROPLAST?
CHLOROPLAST
function:
The site where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place.
Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the GRANA,
and other parts happen in the STROMA
(a thick fluid found in chloroplasts).
What is a GOLGI APPARATUS?
GOLGI APPARATUS:
A group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs.
VESICLES are often seen at the edges of the sacs.
What is the function of the GOLGI APPARATUS?
GOLGI APPARATUS
function:
It PROCESSES and PACKAGES new LIPIDS and PROTEINS.
It also MAKES LYSOSOMES.
What is a GOLGI VESICLE?
GOLGI VESICLE:
A small, fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm,
surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus.
What is the function of a GOLGI VESICLE?
GOLGI VESICLE
function:
STORES LIPIDS and PROTEINS made by the GOLGI APPARATUS and TRANSPORTS them OUT of the cell
(via the cell-surface membrane).
