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BL1101 Cells > Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Cell structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

what does the phrase morphology mean?

A

the outward appearance of cells

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2
Q

is a virus a living thing?

A

no

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3
Q

what is an example of a procaryotic cell?

A

cocci or bacilli

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4
Q

what are the main characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A

they lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

what are the main characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

contains a nucleus enclosed in an envelope

has membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

how many layers does the nuclear envelope have?

A

2

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7
Q

how much space can the vacuole in a plant cell take up?

A

90%

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8
Q

what does a vacuole do for a plant cell?

A

gives it strength and rigidity

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9
Q

what do nucleus’ have that allow substances to enter/exit?

A

they have pores

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10
Q

what are ribosomes made up of?

A

1:2 protein: rRNA

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11
Q

what do the 2 sub-units of ribosomes do?

A

the smaller reads the mRNA

the larger produces the amino acid chain

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12
Q

where are ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A

they are free flowing

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13
Q

where are ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

A

bound to the endoplasmic reiticulum (and some ff)

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14
Q

where do proteins end up after ribosomes?

A

the rough ER- very close to the nucleus, then the smooth ER,

Then they are transported, by vesicles to other areas of the cell

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15
Q

where do most proteins travel to first after the smooth ER?

A

the Golgi body

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16
Q

what is the Golgi body made of?

A

large, flat stacks known as cisternae

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17
Q

which area of the Golgi body do proteins arrive at?

A

the cis face

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18
Q

which area of the Golgi body do proteins leave from?

A

the trans-side

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19
Q

what happens at the Golgi body?

A

post-translational modifications of proteins by enzymes

20
Q

what is protein thoughting?

A

where modified proteins are sorted and then transported to the correct area of the cell

21
Q

what is constitutive secretion?

A

it is the pathway for proteins to be added to the cell membrane for growth and/or repair

22
Q

what is regulated secretion?

A

the secretion of proteins at specific times e.g. a trigger signal, hormone etc

23
Q

what is lysosomal secretion?

A

when vesicles containing lysosomes can digest/destroy misfolded proteins and remove them from the cell.

24
Q

can lysosomes be sent outwith the cell?

A

yes - to destroy something outside

25
Q

what are the different skeletal fibres within the cell?

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

26
Q

what are microtubules?

A

the largest skeletal fibre, essential to cell division e.g. tubulin

27
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

A

a skeletal fibre that is adaptable and specific to different cell function

28
Q

what are microfilaments?

A

the smallest skeletal fibre used for changing the shape of the cell e.g. actin

29
Q

which cells have the contain the most actin?

A

muscle cells

30
Q

where does movement occur with microtubules?

A

on the outside of the tubes

31
Q

where is tubulin within the cell?

A

intracellular - works between organelles and vesicles

32
Q

how do microtubules work?

A

motor molecules work to move the vesicles along the outside of the microtubule.

33
Q

what is a kinesin?

A

a motor protein that moves vesicles the (+) way, away from the nucleus.

34
Q

what is dynein?

A

a motor protein that moves vesicles the (-) way, towards the nucleus.

35
Q

how is the microfilament actin made?

A

from monomers of globular actin (g-actin) which creates polymers of (f-actin)

36
Q

what are mitochondira?

A

folded membrane on the inside where ATP is synthesised

37
Q

what do mitochondria contain?

A

its own DNA and a double membrane

38
Q

where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from?

A

the maternal line

39
Q

how do mitochondria and chloroplasts divide?

A

binary fission

40
Q

what do chloroplasts contain?

A

a double membrane and its own DNA

41
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

a tunnel of 6 proteins used for chemical communicatin

42
Q

what are adherence junctions ?

A

physically attached junctions that provide strong communication between adjacent cells

43
Q

what are tight junctions or TJ’s ?

A

they are junctions that allow water/solutes between epithilial cells.

44
Q

what do epiithelial cells do?

A

line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels

45
Q

what are tight epithelia?

A

tight junctions between epithelial cells e.g. in the brain

46
Q

what are leaky epithelial cells?

A

few tight junctions between epithelial cells e.g. the gut

BL1101 Cells (5 decks)

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