Cell Structure and Function Flashcards by Dan Merriman

How thick is the Cell Surface Membrane?

7nm Thick

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How many layers doe the cell surface membrane have?

3 layers

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Purpose of cell surface membrane?

Partially permeable membrane controlling the exchange between the cell and its environment

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what is the nucleus surrounded by?

2 membranes known as nuclear envelope

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Features of Nuclear envelope

. tiny holes nuclear pores
contains loosely coiled chromosomes : Chromatin
Contains darker area : Nucleolus
Pores allow mRNA and ribosomes to leave and nutrients and hormones to enter

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Functions of Nucleus

Controls cell activities
Chromosomes contain DNA
Nucleolus manufactures ribosomes

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what is ER?

Endoplasmic Reticulum: extensive system of membranes forming flattened sacks called cisternae

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Appearance of RER?

has ribosomes

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Appearance of SER?

no ribosomes

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Function of RER?

transport proteins made by ribosomes- makes Golgi Apparatus

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Function of SER?

make lipids and steroids

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Features of Ribosomes?

Free in cytoplasm or on ER

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Size of Ribosomes?

22nm

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What are ribosomes made of?

RNA and protein

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Function of Ribosomes?

site of protein synthesis

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Appearance of Golgi Apparatus?

stack of flattened sacks : Cisternae

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How is Golgi Apparatus formed?

from vesicles that bud off from RER, broken down at other end to form Golgi vesicles

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Function of Golgi Apparatus?

molecules collected, processed and stored especially proteins. taken from RER put into vesicles transported around and out of the cell
Used to make lysosomes

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Appearance of Lysosomes

single membrane

0.1-0.5 micromertres

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what do lysosomes contain?

Hydrolytic enzymes

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Function of lysosomes?

Break down old organelles or cells e.g. white blood cells

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How many membranes do mitochondria have?

2 called an envelope

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why is the inner membrane of mitochondria folded?

To form projections called cristae

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what’s the interior solution of the matrix called?

The Matrix

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what are mitochondria involved in?

later stages of aerobic respiration

What do mitochondria make?

ATP involved in lipid synthesis

what are centrioles?

small hollow cylinders 0.4 micrometres in length

where are they found in animal cells?

next to the nucleus contain a ring of microtubules

what is the purpose of centrioles?

help form spindle in nuclear division

what is the cytoskeleton?

network of protein fibres

what does the cytoskeleton contain?

Actin filaments- microtubules made of tubulin around 25nm thick also has proteins and microtubule motors using ATP

what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

provides cell strength

what does actin do?

helps the cell move e.g organelles and white blood cells

what do microtubules do?

move a microorganism through a liquid

what is the purpose of microtubule motors?

to move organelles

what is the cell wall made of?

Cellulose

what are plant cells linked by?

plasmadesmata - fine strands which pass through pores in plant cell walls

what is the vacuole surrounded by?

a membrane called tonoplast - fluid filledcontains mineral salts, sugars, oxygen, co2, and pigment

what does the tonoplast do?

controls the exchange of minerals between vacuole and cytoplasm

what is the purpose of the vacuole?

provide shape and support

how many layers does a chloroplast have?

2 called and envelope

what is inside a chloroplast?

jelly like substance - stroma

what do the membranes of a chloroplast do?

form flattened sacs called thylakoid membranes | stacked they are Grana

what is present in stroma?

starch grains and lipid droplets

purpose of chloroplasts?

for photosynthesis

two eukaryotic cells?

Animal + Plant

Contents of Animal cell?

Nucleolus, lysosome, chromatin, Golgi vesicle, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, SER, RER, Nuclear Pore, Nuclear envelope, centrioles, ribosomes.

Contents of Plant Cell?

chloroplast, thylakoid, Golgi apparatus, Golgi vesicle, SER, cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole, tonoplast, ribosomes, RER, Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nuclear pore, mitochondrion

two hair like extensions on a cell used for movement?

Cilia + Flagella

what is Cilia?

many and short (

what is Flagella?

few and long, in eukaryotes they are undulapodia and move using ATP

what do cilia and flagella contain?

microtubules, nine pairs arranged in a circle

what is the arrangement of microtubules?

two in central bundle 9+2 arrangement

how do cilia and flagella move?

using ATP

what is flagella associated with?

locomotion

How does a sperm cell move?

Undulipodium forming a tail

what is a trichomonas?

a parasite with long whip tail

what is cilia associated with?

locomotion but sweeping motion

what does cilia move?

substances such as mucus across cell surface

what do cilia in bronchioles do?

sweeps mucus

purpose of cilia in oviducts

sweep egg along oviduct

Definition of magnification

the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object its self

Definition of resolution

the degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects. the higher resolution the more detail

magnification of a light microscope

1500x

resolving power of light microscope

200nm

how do electron microscopes work?

use a beam of elcetrons: shorter wavelength than light

how does a TEM microscope work?

beam passes through a sample

how is the sample stored for TEM?

must be dead in a vacuum

what type of image does TEM produce?

magnification of TEM microscope

500 000x

resolution of TEM microscope

0.2nm

how does SEM microscope work?

beam is reflected

what type of image is produced with SEM?

Magnification of SEM

100 000x

resolution of SEM

0.2nm

how is sample stored for SEM

can be dead or alive

Magnification 0.01m

1x10^-2

what is staining?

a process helping to reveal features

what type of dye can be used in light microscopes?

fluorescent dyes

what are Acetic orcein stains used for?

DNA colours Dark Red

what dye is used for bacterial cell walls?

Gentian Violet

what stains are used in Electron microscopy?

Metal particles or salts

how are dyes added in electron microscopy?

by computer software known as false-colour

what does DNA contain?

instructions to make proteins

where is protein synthesised?

Ribosomes

where is protein transported?

through RER

what happens before protein travel towards Golgi apparatus?`

it is pinched off in a vesicle

what does the vesicle fuse to?

Golgi apparatus

what does the Golgi apparatus do with the protein?

processes and packages it ready for release

what happens after the packaged protein is pinched off?

it travels toward the plasma membrane

what does the vesicle fuse with?

plasma membrane

how does a protein leave a cell?

exocytosis