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respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need energy?

A

stay active and we need a source a carbon

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2
Q

what is an autoroph?

A

organsims that make organic molcules from inorganic ones e.g. CO2

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3
Q

what is an heterotroph?

A

organism that feed on and digest complex organic molecules e.g. (proteins) made by another organism

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4
Q

3 metabolic processes that use ATP?

A

Active transport
endocytosis
DNA replication cell organelles

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5
Q

equation for ATP

A

ATP—> ADP+P(I)

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6
Q

what is ATP made of?

A

Adenine organic base, ribosomes make adenosine. if it has 3 phosphates its ATP (nucleotide)

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7
Q

where is ATP found?

A

produced when energy is released, can move around cell (small and water soluble), it breaks down to release energy when required, released in small packets.

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8
Q

what is the role of ATP?

A

releases energy

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9
Q

how are the first two phosphate groups released?

A

by hydrolosis

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10
Q

how much energy is released?

A

30.6 kjmol^-1

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11
Q

what can ATP be used for ?

A

metabolism

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12
Q

what can ADP attach to?

A

a phosphate during respiration and photosynthesis its reversible

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13
Q

why are small packets released?

A

to not damage the cell

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14
Q

respiration formula

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 —-> 6O2 + 6H20 + energy

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15
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ATP from ADP + P during glycolysis + Krebs cycle

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16
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

formation of ATP, in presence of oxygen by chemiosmosis

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17
Q

what is chemiosomosis?

A

flow of H ions (protons) through ATP synthase enzymes

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18
Q

what are 4 stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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19
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in cytoplasm

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20
Q

where does link reaction occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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21
Q

where does krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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22
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

on staked cristae particles

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23
Q

what is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons
loss of H atoms
gain of O atom

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24
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of electrons
gain of H atoms
loss of O atoms

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25
what are enzymes not good at?
oxidation/reduction so coenzymes carry H atoms between stages
26
Glycolysis what is Glucose (6C) turned into?
Pyruvate (3C)
27
what is stage 1 of glycolysis?
Glucose is turned into hexose phosphate then it is turned into hexose 1,6 - biphosphate. each time ATP is hydrolysed
28
what happens in stage 2 of glycolysis?
hexose 1,6 - biphosphate is turned into 2x triose phosphate
29
what happens in stage 3 of glycolysis?
2x triose phosphate is turned into intermediates and 2 ATP is produced. involves oxidation with dehydrogenase enzymes.
30
what happens in stage 4 of glycolysis?
intermediates turn into 2x pyruvate, 2ATP are produced.
31
what is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?
total 4 formed
32
how is ATP formed in glycolysis?
by substrate level phosphorylation
33
what is NAD turned into in glycolysis?
2NADH
34
role of pyruvate hydrogenase in link reaction?
removes H from pyruvate
35
role of pyruvate decarboxylase?
removes carboxy group, becomes CO2
36
stage 1 of link reaction?
pyruvate 3C pumped into matrix
37
stage 2 of link reaction?
CO2 removed ( carboxylation) catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase, acetate is formed
38
stage 3 of link reaction?
coenzyzme NAD accepts 2H from pyruvate forming NADH catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase.
39
stage 4 of link reaction?
Acetate (2C) combines with coenzyme A form acetyle coenzyme A
40
what is not produced in link reaction?
ATP
41
where does krebs cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix - series of enzyme catalysed reactions
42
how is what is acetate 2C offloaded from?
CoA (can return to link reaction)
43
how does acetate 2C form citrate 6C?
combines with oxaloacetatae 4C
44
how does citrate 6C form 5C intermediate?
it is decarboxylated (CO2 removed) and dehydrogenated (2H removed)
45
what happens to 4C intermediate when it is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated?
forms 4C intermediate and molecule of NADH
46
what happens to the first 4C intermediate ?
it releases energy used to form ATP from ADP +P substrate level phosphorylation
47
what happens to the second 4C intermediate?
it is dehydrogenated coewnzyme FAD accepts H pair is reduced.
48
what happens to the third intermediate?
it is dehydrogenated H accepted producing NADH
49
what is the end stage of krebs cycle?
oxaloacetate is regenerated to form another acetate
50
what is produced at each turn of krebs cycle?
2CO2, 1 reduced - pass to electron transport chain, 3 reduced NAD - pass to electron transport, 1 ATP
51
how many turns per glucose molecule are there?
2
52
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
formation of ATP by adding inorganic phosphate to ADP with oxygen present
53
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
mitochondrial membrane
54
why is the membrane folded?
to increase surface area for electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes
55
how are many H atoms generated?
from glycolysis and krebs cycle
56
how are the carriers reduced?
FAD and NAD accept the hydrogen they are reduced
57
where is NADH and FADH passed?
to the electron transport chain, coenzymes are reoxidised
58
what is NAD and FAD changed into?
split into H+ ions and e-
59
how does the electron reach the oxygen?
flows along electron carriers In series of oxidation reactions
60
where are H ions taken from?
the matrix solution to reduce oxygen to water
61
what is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen
62
how is energy lost?
pass along carriers energy is released, some is lost as heat sometimes enough is released to pump protons into intermembrane space
63
what is chemiosmosis?
flow of protons across inner mitochondrial membrane, coupled to generation of ATP in respiration
64
when is majority of ATP made?
during oxidative phosphorylation
65
why is energy released from electron transport chain?
to pump H ions from matrix into intermembrane space
66
what does a build up of H ions in intermembrane space cause?
forms electro chemical gradient and a pH gradient
67
how do the H ions flow back into the matrix?
only through protein channels associated with ATP synthase, down an electrochemical gradient
68
how does proton motive force occur?
its the kinetic energy from the drive rotation as part of enzyme join ADP + inorganic phosphate form ATP
69
what increases the proton motive force?
more protons
70
total yield of ATP during aerobic resperation?
around 30 however rarely happens due to ATP being used during the process
71
what cant occur in anaerobic respiration due to lack of oxygen?
electron transport chain cant function, oxidative phosphorylation cant occur, krebs cycle and link reaction stop
72
why can glycolysis continue?
because it doesn't need oxygen
73
how many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
2
74
what is recycled during glycolysis?
NAD, its released form NADH it accepts more H glycolysis continues
75
what happens in eukaryotes?
ethanol fermentation, pyruvate is decarboxylated form ethanal CO2 removed, catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase, ethanal accepts H forming NADH reduced to ethanol. catalysed by ethanol hydrogenase. NAD can be reused in glycolysis
76
what happens in lactate fermentation?
pyruvate converted to lactate, pyruvate accepts H from NADH this is catalysed by lactate de hydrogenase, NAD reused in glycolysis
77
how can lactate pathway be reversed?
when O2 is present.
78
where is lactate carried to?
liver in blood it is oxidised back into pyruvate
79
what can pyruvate enter?
the krebs cycle via link reaction which produces ATP or converted in glucose and then glycogen for storage
80
how does muscle fatigue occur?
not always by lactate also by pH reduction
81
why is anaerobic not as effective as aerobic?
less ATP formed no krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation, energy remains in lactate, incomplete oxidation

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