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Apologia Biology > Cell Structure and Function Definitions > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Definitions Flashcards

To memorize definitions that are super important to build off of in the future.

1
Q

What is cytology?

[SY] + [TOL] + [UH] + [JEE]

A

Cytology is the study of cells.

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2
Q

What is ingestion?

[IN]+[JES]+[CHUN]

A

Ingestion is the ability to bring dissolved materials into a cell. Taking in nutrients.

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3
Q

What is digestion?

[DY]+[JES]+[CHUN]

A

Digestion is the process of using hydrolysis and/or help of enzymes, to break down food and nutrients for your body to use.

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4
Q

What is respiration?

[RESP] + [UH] + [RAY] + [SHUHN]

A

Respiration is the ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules.

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5
Q

What is transport?

[TRAN] + [SPORT]

A

Transport is the ability to distribute/circulate molecules from one part of a cell to the other.

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6
Q

What is secretion?

[SUH]+[KREE]+[SHN]

A

Secretion is the ability to release biosynthesized substances.

Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.

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7
Q

What is excretion?

[UHK]+[SKREE]+[SHN]

A

Excretion is the ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell.

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8
Q

What is egestion?

[IH]+[JES]+[CHUH]+[N]

A

Egestion is the ability to remove non soluble, undigested waste from the cell.

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9
Q

What is irritability?

[EE]+[RUH]+[TUH]+[BI]+[LUH]+[TEE]

A

Irritability is the ability to respond to stimuli.

Stimuli: detectable change in the internal or external environment.

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10
Q

What is an organelle?

[OR] + [GUH] + [NEL]

A

An organelle is a tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive.

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11
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

[PROH] + [KARR] + [EE] + [OT] + [IK]

A

A prokaryotic cell is a cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane-bound organelles.

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12
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

[YOO]+[KEH]+[REE]+[AA]+[TUHK]

A

A eukaryotic cell is a cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other distinct, membrane-bound organelles.

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13
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

A plasma membrane is the semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell’s surroundings.

Semipermeable: allowing some substances to pass through, but not others.

Semipermeable is allowing certain substances to pass through, but not others.

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14
Q

What is cytoplasm?

[SAI]+[TUH]+[PLA]+[ZM]

A

Cytoplasm is a jellylike fluid inside of cells in which organelles are suspended.

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15
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

Cytolplasmic streaming is the motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell’s content.

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16
Q

What are ribosomes?

[RAI]+[BUH]+[SOWMZ]

A

Ribosomes are non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein structures.

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17
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

A cell wall is a rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.

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18
Q

What is middle lamella?

A

Middle lamella is the thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.

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19
Q

What is a nuclear membrane?

A

A nuclear membrane is a highly porous membrane that serperates the nucleus of the cell from the cytoplasm.

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20
Q

What is chromatin?

[KROW]+[MUH]+[TIN]

A

Chromatin is long strands of clusters of DNA and proteins (or RNA and proteins) in the nucleus of a cell.

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21
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

[ENDO]+[PLAZ]+[MIK]-[RUH]+[TI]+[KYUH]+[LUHM]

A

Endoplasmic reticulum is and organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.

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22
Q

What is rough ER?

Abbreviation: RER

A

Rough ER is endoplasmic reticulum that is dotted with ribosomes.

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23
Q

What is smooth ER?

Abbreviation: SER

A

Smooth ER is endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes.

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24
Q

What is golgi apparatus?

[GOAL]+[JEE]-[A]+[PA]+[RA]+[TUHS]

A

Golgi apparatus is the organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.

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25
What is a *vacoule*? | [VA]+[KUEL]
A vacoule is a longer membrane-bound organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste. ## Footnote It's like a sac.
26
What is a *vesicle*? | [VEH]+[SUH]+[KL]
A vesicle is a smaller membrane-bound organelle used mainly for transport of food, waste, or products synthesized for secretion. ## Footnote Synthesizing is the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole.
27
What is a *secretory vesicle*? | [SI] + [KREE] + [TUH] + [REE]-[VEH]+[SUH]+[KL]
A secretory vesicle is a vesicle that holds products of biosythesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion.
28
What is a *central vacoule*? | [SEN]+[TRUHL]-[VA]+[KUEL]
A central vacoule is a large vacoule that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with water.
29
What is *lysosome*? | [LAI]+[SUH]+[ZOWM]
Lysosome is the organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates, (polysaccharides, disaccharides), and some lipids.
30
What is *peroxisome*? | [PER]+[AAK]+[SUH]+[SOWM]
Peroxisome is a cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide.
31
What are *mitochondria*? | [MAI]+[TUH]+[KAAN]+[DREE]+[UH]
Mitochondria are double-bound-organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
32
What are *plastids*?
Plastids are double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food. | Protozoa are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats
33
What are *chloroplasts*?
Chloroplasts are plastids containing the green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis.
34
What are *chromoplasts*?
Chromoplasts are plastids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis.
35
What are *leucoplasts*? | [LOO]+[KUH]+[PLASTS]
Leucoplasts are nonpigmented plastids that store starches or oils.
36
What is a *cytoskeleton*?
A cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell keep its shape, and aids in movement.
37
What are *microfilaments*?
Microfilaments are fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton. ## Footnote One out of the three things in the cytoskeleton.
38
What are *intermediate filaments*?
Intermediate filaments are threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments. ## Footnote One of the three things in the cytoskeleton.
39
What are *microtubules*? | [MICRO]+[TOO]+[BE]+[OOLZ]
Microtubules are spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure. ## Footnote One of the three things in the cytoskeleton.
40
What are *centrioles*? | [CEN]+[TREE]+[OLS]
Centrioles are paired organelles (positioned at right angles to each other) that organzie fibers required for cell division. ## Footnote Found in animal cells.
41
What is a *centrosome*? | [SEN]+[TRA]+[SOWM]
A centrosome is a small region near the nucleus that is the main organizing site for microtubules; in animal cells it contains the two centrioles.
42
What is the *fluid mosaic model*?
The fluid mosaic model is a model proposing that the plasma membrane is composed of a mosaic of components, (mainly phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol), that are free to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane.
43
What is a *phospholipid*? | [FAWS]+[FO]-[LIPID]
A phospholipid is a lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a hydrophilic phosphate group.
44
What is a *semipermiable membrane*? | (think: sem eye)
A semipermiable membrane is a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
45
What is *passive transport*?
Passive transport is movement of molecules through the plasma membrane without the need for energy input. ## Footnote Does not use energy in the process.
46
What is *active transport*?
Active transport is movement of molecules throught the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input. ## Footnote Uses energy in the process.
47
What is *concentration*?
Concentration is a measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent. ## Footnote The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium.
48
What is *concentration gradient*? | [GRAY]+[DEE]+[UHNT]
Concentration gradient is the difference in the concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on each side of a plasma membrane.
49
What is *diffusion*?
Diffusion is the random motion of molecules from an area of low concentration (with a concentration gradient) until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area (reaches equilibrium).
50
What is *osmosis*? | [OZ]+[MOH]+[SIS]
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to low water concentration (high solute concentration).
51
What is a *hypotonic solution*?
A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a low solute concentration (and so a high water concentration) relative to another solution. | Low solute meaning not much is being dissolved.
52
What is a *hypertonic solution*?
A hypertonic solution is a solution that has a high solute concentration (and so a low water concentration) relative to another solution. | High solute meaning there's less being dissolved.
53
What is an *isotonic solution*? | [ICE]+[UH]+[TONIC]
An isotonic solution is a solution that has the same solute concentration (and water concentration) relative to another solution.
54
What is *plasmolysis*? | [PLAZ]+[MAA]+[LUH]+[SUHS]
Plasmolysis is when a cell's cytoplasm collapses due to the lack of water.
55
What is *cytolysis*?
Cytolysis is the rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.
56
What is *facilitated diffusion*?
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of certain molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels from high concentratoin to low concentration.
57
What is *endocytosis* | [EN]+[O]+[SAI]+[**TOW**]+[SUHS]
Endocytosis is the process of moving particles into the cell by means of vesicles forming from the cell membrane.
58
What is *exocytosis*? | [EX]+[O]+[SAI]+[**TOW**]+[SUHS]
Exocytosis is the process of moving particles out of the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane.
59
What is *phagocytosis*? | [FAG]+[e]+[SAI]+[TOW]+[SUHS]
Phagocytosis is the endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells.
60
What is *pinocytosis*? | [PIN]+[O]+[SAI]+[TOW]+[SUHS]
Pinocytosis is the endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extracellular fluid containing dissolved particles.

Apologia Biology (3 decks)

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