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2A Microbiology Midterms > CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BACTERIA AND ARCHEA > Flashcards

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BACTERIA AND ARCHEA Flashcards

1
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

A

Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya

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2
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• also called ______

A

Archaebacteria

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3
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
prokaryote or eukaryote?

A

prokaryote

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4
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• ______ celled microorganisms

A

single

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5
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• can thrive in areas that have high ______, ______, ______ (______)

A

salinity, temperature, pressure, extremophiles

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6
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea

______ (high temp.)
______ (high temp. + extreme acidity)
______ (alkaline)
______ (salt)
______ (low temp.)

A

thermophiles
thermoacidophiles
alkaliphiles
halophiles
psychrophiles

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7
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• most are ______

A

heterotrophs

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8
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• diverse in ______ and required ______ (unusual ______ characteristics)

A

shape, nutrients, metabolic

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9
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

______
• cell walls lack peptidoglycan

A

Domain Archaea

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10
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Bacteria
• also called ______

A

Eubacteria

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11
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Bacteria
prokaryote or eukaryote?

A

prokaryote

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12
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Bacteria
• ______ celled microorganisms

A

single

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13
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Bacteria
• most are ______

A

heterotrophs

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15
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

______
• can thrive in different environments

A

Domain Bacteria

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16
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

______
• most abundant

A

Domain Bacteria

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16
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

______
• cell walls have peptidoglycan

A

Domain Bacteria

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17
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya
• major groups (______ and ______)

A

Fungi, Protista

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18
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Fungi
- ______ (yeasts) or ______ eukaryote (i.e. lichens, mushrooms)

A

unicellular, multicellular

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19
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

______
- heterotrophic

A

Fungi

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20
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

______
- lack motility

A

Fungi

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21
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

______
- cell walls have chitin

A

Fungi

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22
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Fungi
- most fungi have ______ (for ______ growth)

A

hyphae, vegetative

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23
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista (______, ______, ______ and ______)

A

algae, protozoa, slime molds, water molds

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24
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
Algae
• ______ (more than one common evolutionary ancestor/group)

A

polyphyletic

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25
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • most are photoautotrophic
Algae
26
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • primarily aquatic
Algae
27
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • mostly unicellular
Algae
28
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • thallophytic
Algae
29
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • does not have a vascular system, lacks organ differentiation
Algae
30
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • unicellular, usually motile
Protozoa
31
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • most are free-living
Protozoa
32
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • some species are commensals
Protozoa
33
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista Protozoa • nucleus is ______ (except ______)
vesicular, ciliates
34
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • composed of acellular mass of naked protoplasm
Slime Molds
35
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • saprophytic
Slime Molds
36
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • vegetative stage has no cell walls
Slime Molds
37
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • some are unicellular
Slime Molds
38
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • lack chitin in their cell walls
Slime Molds
39
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • diploid nuclei
Water Molds
40
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista Water Molds • ______ - produce large non-motile gametes (______), and smaller gametes (______)
oogamous, eggs, sperm
41
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • form flagellated reproductive cells
Water Molds
42
Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms: Domain Eukarya Protista ______ • most thrive in water or moist areas
Water Molds
43
______ • noncellular
Viruses
44
Viruses • most have either ______ or ______
RNA, DNA
45
______ • nucleic acid is enclosed within a protein coat or capsid
Viruses
46
Viruses • nucleic acid could be ______ or ______ stranded
single, double
47
______ • can only be seen using an electron microscope
Viruses
48
______ • cannot reproduce by itself
Viruses
49
Cell Morphology Shapes of Cells:
• Spherical • Bacilli (rod-like) • Spiral
50
Cell Morphology Knowing the shape of a cell can be used to determine the ______ of a microorganism.
morphological group
51
______ are the smallest working unit of all living things.
Cells
52
All cells come from ______ through ______.
preexisting cells, cell division
53
Basic Types of Microbial Cells:
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
54
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes • Pro = "______", karyon = "______"
before, nucleus
55
Basic Types of Microbial Cells ______ • the first living organisms to evolve
Prokaryotes
56
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes • lack a membrane-bound ______
nucleus
58
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes • Ex: all ______ and bacteria-like ______
bacteria, Archaea
59
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes ______ - the only membrane in prokaryotic cells
Plasma membrane
60
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes ______ - the outer boundary of the cell
Plasma membrane
61
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes - their genetic material is ______ within the ______
naked, cytoplasm
62
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes ______ - their only type of organelle
Ribosomes
63
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes - always ______-celled, except when they exist in ______.
single, colonies
64
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes - reproduce by means of ______
binary fission
65
______ - duplicating their genetic material and then essentially splitting to form two daughter cells identical to the parent.
binary fission
66
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Eukaryotes • Eu = "______", karyon = "______"
true, nucleus
67
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Eukaryotes • Presence of a ______, a double membrane-bound control center
nucleus
68
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Eukaryotes • ______ separates the genetic material, ______, from the rest of the cell.
Nucleus, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
69
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Eukaryotes • ______ membrane
Plasma
70
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Eukaryotes • Internal membrane-bound structures called ______ that are involved in ______ and ______ within the cell.
organelles, metabolism, energy conversion
71
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Eukaryotes • reproduce by ______ (sexual reproduction) and ______ (cell division producing identical daughter cells).
meiosis, mitosis
72
Basic Types of Microbial Cells A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the ______.
location of chromosomes
73
Basic Types of Microbial Cells A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the location of chromosomes. • ______ cells - chromosomes are contained in a membrane-enclosed organelle (nucleus)
Eukaryotic
74
Basic Types of Microbial Cells A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the location of chromosomes. • ______ cells - the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell.
Prokaryotic
75
Cell wall - "______", prevents a cell from ______ (a result of osmotic pressure)
cell envelope, lysis
76
______ - gives shape and rigidity to a cell
Cell wall
77
______ - a polysaccharide, found in Bacteria
Peptidoglycan
78
Peptidoglycan - consists of ______ chains of repeating ______ and ______ residues cross-linked via ______ side chains
glycan, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, peptide
79
______ - not present in bacteria but are present in cell wall-less bacteria (Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Spiroplasma, Anaeroplasma).
Sterols
80
______ - a technique that segregates bacteria into two major groups.
Gram staining method
81
Gram staining method - a technique that segregates bacteria into two major groups: • ______ • ______
Gram positive, Gram negative
82
______ • consist of several layers of peptidoglycan resulting to a thick and rigid structure.
Gram positive cell walls
83
Gram positive cell walls ______ - negatively charged and regulate movement of cations into the cell
Teichoic acids
84
Gram positive cell walls ______ - regulate cell growth and prevent lysis of the cell
Teichoic acids
85
Gram positive cell walls ______ - can be used to identify bacteria.
Teichoic acids
86
Gram positive cell walls Teichoic acids • Two types:
Lipoteichoic acids Wall teichoic acids
87
Gram positive cell walls Teichoic acids • Two types: ______: - Span cell wall, linked to cell membrane.
Lipoteichoic acids
88
Gram positive cell walls Teichoic acids • Two types: ______: - Linked to peptidoglycan layer.
Wall teichoic acids
89
______ • more complex and thinner
Gram negative cell walls
90
______ • more prone to mechanical breakage
Gram negative cell walls
91
______ • consists of one or few peptidoglycan layers and an outer membrane.
Gram negative cell walls
92
Gram negative cell walls • this polymer bonds to ______ in the outer membrane and ______
lipoproteins, periplasmic space
93
______ • with presence of degradative enzymes and transport proteins.
Gram negative cell walls
94
Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall: Outer Membrane (OM) • Functions: - Evade ______ and complement due to strong ______.
phagocytosis, negative charge
95
Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall: Outer Membrane (OM) • Functions: - Barrier to ______ (penicillin), ______ (lysozyme), ______, ______, ______, and ______.
antibiotics, digestive enzymes, detergents, heavy metals, dyes, bile salts
96
Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall: Outer Membrane (OM) Consists of:
Phospholipid bilayer Porins Lipoproteins Lipopolysaccharides
97
Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall: Outer Membrane (OM) Consists of ______: Membrane proteins that allow the passage of nucleotides, disaccharides, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, and iron
Porins
98
Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall: Outer Membrane (OM) Consists of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with two components:
O polysaccharides Lipid A
99
Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall: Outer Membrane (OM) Consists of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with two components: • ______: Antigens, used to identify bacteria.
O polysaccharides
100
Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall: Outer Membrane (OM) Consists of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with two components: • ______: Endotoxin causes fever and shock.
Lipid A
101
Cell Walls of Archea contain:
• Polysaccharide • Proteins • Glycoproteins
102
Cell Walls of Archea • the cell walls of methanogens are made of ______ which is quite similar with ______ but there are also species that only contain an ______
pseudomurein, peptidoglycan, S-layer
103
Cell Walls of Archea • there are species within Archaea that instead of pseudomurein, it has polymers of ______, ______, ______ and ______
glucose, glucuronic acid, galactosamine uronic acid, acetate
104
______ • exhibits selective permeability
Cytoplasmic Membrane
105
______ • controls the movement of ions and organic molecules in and out of cells
Cytoplasmic Membrane
106
Cytoplasmic Membrane • composed of bilayer of ______, a ______ (fatty acids) and a ______ that can interact with water due to the presence of a ______ group which is ______.
lipids, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, phosphate, polar
107
Cytoplasmic Membrane • contains ______ (for eukaryotes) and ______ (for prokaryotes) that function as ______ and it also enables the cell membrane to be ______.
sterols, hopanoids, stabilizers, flexible
108
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • ______ or ______ barrier
Osmotic, permeability
109
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • Location of transport systems for specific ______ (______ and ______)
solutes, nutrients, ions
110
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • Energy generating functions, Involving ______ and ______ electron transport systems, establishment of ______, and ______, ATP-synthesizing ______
respiratory, photosynthetic, proton motive force, transmembranous, ATPase
111
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • Synthesis of membrane ______ (including ______ in ______ cells)
lipids, lipopolysaccharide, Gram-negative
112
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • Synthesis of ______ (cell wall ______)
murein, peptidoglycan
113
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • Assembly and secretion of ______
extracytoplasmic proteins
114
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • Location of specialized ______ system
enzyme
115
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • Coordination of DNA ______ and ______ with ______ formation and ______
replication, segregation, septum, cell division
116
Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane • ______ (both motility per se and sensing function)
Chemotaxis
117
Basic Types of Microbial Cells Prokaryotes • are evolutionarily ______
ancient

2A Microbiology Midterms (4 decks)

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