OTHER CELL SURFACE STRUCTURES AND INCLUSIONS

Question 1

______
- viscous substance forming a covering layer or envelope around the cell wall of some bacteria.

Answer 1

Capsule

Question 2

Capsule
most bacterial capsules consist of polysaccharides which can be:

Answer 2

homopolysaccharides
heteropolysaccharides

Question 3

Capsule
most bacterial capsules consist of polysaccharides which can be:

______ - a capsule is composed of a single kind of sugar usually synthesized outside the cell by exocellular enzymes, e.g. glucan from sucrose by Streptococcus mutans

Answer 3

homopolysaccharides

Question 4

Capsule
most bacterial capsules consist of polysaccharides which can be:

______ - which is composed of several kinds of sugars

Answer 4

heteropolysaccharides

Question 5

______
- provide protection against temporary drying by binding water molecules

Answer 5

Capsule

Question 6

Capsule
- block attachment of ______ (inhibit the engulfment of pathogenic bacteria by ______ that contribute to ______)

Answer 6

bacteriophages antiphagocytic, white blood cells, virulence

Question 7

______
- promote attachment of bacteria to surfaces

Answer 7

Capsule

Question 8

______
- a filamentous protein structure

Answer 8

Fimbriae

Question 9

Fimbriae
- ______nm wide (a single cell can contain around ______ Fimbriae).

Answer 9

2-10, 1000

Question 10

______
- enable organisms to stick to surfaces.

Answer 10

Fimbriae

Question 11

Pili
- filamentous ______ structures

Answer 11

protein

Question 12

Pili
- ______ nm wide and ______ than the fimbrie (a single cell can contain around ______ pili)

Answer 12

9-10, longer, 1-10

Question 13

______
- do not function in motility since they are found on non-motile and motile species.

Answer 13

Pili

Question 14

Pili
______
- serves as the path of entry of generic material during bacterial mating

Answer 14

F pilus (Sex pilus)

Question 15

Pili
______
- allows pathogenic bacteria to attach to the epithelial cells lining the ______, ______ or ______ tracts

Answer 15

F pilus (Sex pilus), respiratory, intestinal, genitourinary

Question 16

Pili
______
- prevents the bacteria from being washed away by the flow of mucous or body fluids and permits infections to be established.

Answer 16

F pilus (Sex pilus)

Question 17

Pili
______
- a special type of pilus in certain Archea species with hooks on the outside

Answer 17

Hamus

Question 18

Pili
______
- used to attach to surfaces and to other micmorganisms, making a biofilm

Answer 18

Hamus

Question 19

______
- contained in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

Answer 19

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Question 20

______
- distinct granules that may occupy a substantial part of the cytoplasm

Answer 20

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Question 21

Cytoplasmic Inclusions
- some are membranous ______ or
______ into the cytoplasm which contain photosynthetic ______ or ______

Answer 21

vesicles, intrusions, pigments, enzymes

Question 22

Cytoplasmic Inclusions
Functions:
- ______, ______, ______

Answer 22

energy reserves, carbon reservoirs, reduce osmotic stress

Question 23

______
- spindle shaped structures found in some planktonic bacteria

Answer 23

Gas Vesicles

Question 24

______
- a hollow cylinder

Answer 24

Gas Vesicles

Question 25

______ - provides buoyancy to these cells by decreasing their overall cell density

Answer 25

Gas Vesicles

Question 26

______ - made up of a shell of protein that has a highly hydrophobic inner surface permeable to most gases

Answer 26

Gas Vesicles

Question 27

______ - produced within cells and are refractile

Answer 27

Endospores

Question 28

______ - resting structures (little or no metabolism inside the spore)

Answer 28

Endospores

Question 29

______ - can survive for a very long time, and then re-germinate

Answer 29

Endospores

Question 30

______ - complex structures whose basic architecture is conserved across species

Answer 30

Endospores

Question 31

______ - produced within cells

Answer 31

Endospores

Question 32

______ - enables an organism to resist extreme environmental conditions.

Answer 32

Endospores

Question 33

Endospores - enables an organism to resist extreme environmental conditions such as:

Answer 33

Temperature Drying UV radiation Strong acids and bases Oxidizing agents Extremes of both vacuum and ultrahigh hydrostatic pressure

Question 34

Endospores - Resistance of spore is attributed to following factors: - The presence of high content of ______ which ______ and ______ the ______ - ______ proteins ______ DNA from ______, ______, ______, and ______ - ______ that results in ______ to ______ and ______ - ______ enzymes are able to repair damaged DNA during ______

Answer 34

calcium-dipicolinate, stabilizes, protect, DNA DNA-binding, protect, heat, drying, chemicals, radiation Dehydration, resistance, heat, radiation DNA repair, germination

Question 35

Endospores Key spore forming genera: • ______ • ______ • ______ • ______

Answer 35

Bacillus Clostridium Sporosarcina Heliobacterium

Question 36

Endospores Key spore forming genera: ______ - cells are cocci (spherical) instead of rods and are strictly aerobic

Answer 36

Heliobacterium

Question 37

Endospores Other spore forming genera:

Answer 37

Paenibacillus, Sporolactobacillus, Desulfotomaculum, Thermoanarobacter

Question 38

Cell locomotion:

Answer 38

Internal Movement (Cytoplasmic Streaming) External Movement (Motility)

Question 39

Cell locomotion: ______ - governed by actin filaments and other components of the cytoskeleton that provide an area in which organelles such as chloroplasts can move

Answer 39

Internal Movement (Cytoplasmic Streaming)

Question 40

Cell locomotion: ______ - determined by special organelles for locomation (pseudopodia, cilia and flagella)

Answer 40

External Movement (Motility)

Question 41

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - network of connected flaments and tubules

Answer 41

Cytoskeleton

Question 42

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - major part of this feature are the protein fibers

Answer 42

Cytoskeleton

Question 43

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - maintain cell shape

Answer 43

Cytoskeleton

Question 44

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - allow the cell and its organelles to move

Answer 44

Cytoskeleton

Question 45

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - has actin flaments that occur in bundles

Answer 45

Cytoskeleton

Question 46

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - rope-like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides

Answer 46

Intermediate filaments

Question 47

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - some support the nuclear envelope while other support the plasma membrane

Answer 47

Intermediate filaments

Question 48

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - form cell-to cell junctions

Answer 48

Intermediate filaments

Question 49

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - small hollow cylinders

Answer 49

Microtubules

Question 50

Cell Movement brought about by: ______ - composed of a globular protein tubulin.

Answer 50

Microtubules

Question 51

Cell Movement brought about by: Microtubules - Assembly brings the two types of tubulin (______ and ______) together as ______, which arrange themselves in ______

Answer 51

alpha, beta, dimers, rows

Question 52

Cell Movement ______ • filamentous protein structures attached to the cell surface that provide the swimming

Answer 52

Flagella

Question 53

Cell Movement ______ - made up of a movement for most motile prokaryotes

Answer 53

Flagella

Question 54

Cell Movement Flagella • ______ flagella (thinner than ______ flagella) with diameter of about ______ nm

Answer 54

prokaryotic, eukaryotic, 20

Question 55

Cell Movement Flagella • about half of the ______ and all of the ______ and ______ bacteria are motile by means of flagella.

Answer 55

bacilli, spiral, curved

Question 56

Cell Movement Flagella ______: A single polar flagellum. Many that appears and functions as ______ or ______ flagella consist of bundles of ______ to ______ single units (______).

Answer 56

Monotrichous, monopolar, bipolar, 2, 50, polytrichous

Question 57

Cell Movement Flagella ______: A cluster of polar fagella.

Answer 57

Lophotrichous

Question 58

Cell Movement Flagella ______: Flagella, either single or clusters at both cell poles.

Answer 58

Amphitrichous

Question 59

Cell Movement Flagella ______: Cell surrounded by lateral flagella.

Answer 59

Peritrichous

Question 60

Cell Movement ______ - beat in a coordinated back-and-forth motion

Answer 60

Cilia

Question 61

Cell Movement Cilia - cilia of some ______ (such as ______) are responsible for cell motility and for sweeping food organisms over the cell surface and into the ______

Answer 61

protozoans, Paramecium, oral cavity

Question 62

Cell Movement Cilia - the beating of cilia or flagella is caused by the ______ which is followed by the ______

Answer 62

intraciliary excitation, interciliary conduction

Question 63

Cell Movement Cilia Four types of ciliary movements:

Answer 63

pendulus ciliary movement unciform ciliary movement infundibuliform ciliary movement undulant movement

Question 64

Cell Movement Cilia Four types of ciliary movements: ______ - carried out in a single plane

Answer 64

pendulus ciliary movement

Question 65

Cell Movement Cilia Four types of ciliary movements: ______ - occurs in the ciliated protozoans which have rigid cilia

Answer 65

pendulus ciliary movement

Question 66

Cell Movement Cilia Four types of ciliary movements: ______ - (hook-like) ciliary movement occurs commonly in the metazoan cells

Answer 66

unciform ciliary movement

Question 67

Cell Movement Cilia Four types of ciliary movements: ______ - occurs due to the rotary movement of the cilium and flagellum

Answer 67

infundibuliform ciliary movement

Question 68

Cell Movement Cilia Four types of ciliary movements: ______ - waves of contraction

Answer 68

undulant movement

Question 69

Cell Movement Gliding Motility • gliding bacteria are typically ______ or ______

Answer 69

filamentous, rod-shaped

Question 70

Cell Movement ______ • requires that the cells to be in contact with a solid surface

Answer 70

Gliding Motility

Question 71

Cell Movement ______ • absent in domain Archaea

Answer 71

Gliding Motility

Question 72

Cell Movement Gliding Motility • "______" a form of gliding motility

Answer 72

twitching motility

Question 73

Cell Movement ______ • response to physical or chemical agent (either away or towards)

Answer 73

Chemotaxis

Question 74

Cell Movement Chemotaxis ______ - response to chemicals ______ - response to light

Answer 74

Chemotaxis Phototaxis

Question 75

Cell Movement ______ • present in swimming bacteria

Answer 75

Chemotaxis

Question 76

Cell Movement Phototaxis and Other Taxes • ______ - move toward light

Answer 76

Phototaxis

Question 77

Cell Movement Phototaxis and Other Taxes • Phototaxis ______ - a phototrophic bacterium swims outside the illuminated field of view of the microscope into darkness

Answer 77

scotophototaxis

Question 78

Cell Movement Phototaxis and Other Taxes • ______ - toward or away from oxygen

Answer 78

Aerotaxis

Question 79

Cell Movement Phototaxis and Other Taxes • ______ - toward or away from conditions of high ionic strength

Answer 79

Osmotaxis

Question 80

Cell Movement Phototaxis and Other Taxes • ______ - movement toward water, observed in some gliding cyanobacteria

Answer 80

Hydrotaxis