Cell Structure and Organisation

Question 1

What is the size range of animal cells?

Answer 1

10 - 30 micrometers

Question 2

What is the size range of plant cells?

Answer 2

10 - 100 micrometers

Question 3

What is the size range if bacterial cells?

Answer 3

1 - 10 micrometers

Question 4

Give three features that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells

Answer 4

• Cell wall
• Permanent vacuole
• Chloroplast

Question 5

What is the cell membrane made out of?

Answer 5

Phospholipids and Proteins

Question 6

How many micrometers are there in a metre?

Answer 6

1,000,000 micrometers

Question 7

What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

Answer 7

To produce ATP through aerobic respiration

Question 8

Name, and describe, the components of the mitochondria

Answer 8

• Two membranes, separated by an inter-membrane gap
• Cristae, infolds in the inner membrane
• A small circle of DNA
• 70S ribosomes

Question 9

What is the purpose of Cristae in Mitochondria?

Answer 9

Increases the the surface area to volume ratio of the active site.

Question 10

What is the function if the chloroplasts

Answer 10

To produce glucose from photosynthesis

Question 11

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus/body

Answer 11

To modify and package proteins, before they are pinched off in vesicles

Question 12

What is the structure of the Gogi Apparatus/Body

Answer 12

It resembles the structure of the Endoplasmic Rectilium, but more compact

Question 13

What is the purpose of the ribosomes

Answer 13

Where mRNA and tRNA are used to form a polypeptide chain

Question 14

What is the structure of the ribosomes

Answer 14

The ribosomes are made of a large and small subunit

Question 15

What is the purpose of lysosomes

Answer 15

They contain harmful digestive enzymes, and release them to recycle worn out organelles, or digest material that enters the cell

Question 16

What is the structure of the endoplasmic rectilium

Answer 16

Parallel double membranes, forming flattend sacs, with interconnected fluid filled sacs between them.

Question 17

What is the structure, and purpose, of the Rough ER

Answer 17

Ribosomes on the outer surface

Transports proteins made in the Ribosomes

Question 18

What is the purpose of the smooth ER

Answer 18

Synthesis and transport of lipids

Question 19

What is the structure of Lysomes

Answer 19

Small temporary vacuoles surrounded by a single membrane

Question 20

What is the structure of Centrioles

Answer 20

Two rings of microtubes, positioned perpendicular to each other

Question 21

Give two examples of a Eukaryotic cell

Answer 21

Animal and plant cell

Question 22

Give one example of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 22

Bacterial cell

Question 23

What is the function of the flagellum

Answer 23

To assist in the bacteria movement

Question 24

What is the structure of the mesosome?

Answer 24

In-folds in the bacteria plasma membrane

Question 25

What is the function of the mesosome

Answer 25

It is the sight of respiration

Question 26

How is the DNA stored in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 26

In a large loop of DNA (and sometimes in plasmids (rings of DNA))

Question 27

What is a "Virion"

Answer 27

A virus outside of a living cell

Question 28

What is the cell wall made out of in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 28

Peptidoglycan

Question 29

Why are viruses not thought of as alive?

Answer 29

They are unable to reproduce on their own

Question 30

What type of viruses attack bacteria?

Answer 30

Bacteriophages

Question 31

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 31

They infect the host cell with their genetic information, and take over its metabolism and multiply in the host cell

Question 32

What forms can viruses genetic information take?

Answer 32

Single or Double stranded DNA or RNA

Question 33

What is the genetic information of a virus held in?

Answer 33

A protein coat, called a capsid

Question 34

Why are viruses called "acellular"?

Answer 34

Because they are not made up of cells

Question 35

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 35

It is the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria were both once independent bacteria, (one adapted for photosynthesis, the other for aerobic respiration) that were absorbed by larger prokaryotic cells. These then evolved to have these membrane-bound organelles, which are now identified as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 36

What is the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 36

- Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain 70s ribosomes and circular DNA - Some ancient bacteria had very fluid membranes, and there is evidence that they engulfed some smaller bacteria.

Question 37

Name and describe how organelles work together in the synthesis and transport of glycoproteins.

Answer 37

1) Nucleus - Contains chromosomes that code for proteins 2) Nuclear Pore - Allow mRNA (messenger RNA) to leave the nucleus 3) Ribosomes - Where protein synthesis happens 4) rER - Polypeptides synthesised by the ribosomes move through the rER, before it packages them into vesicles 5) Vesicles - Keep the polypeptides together as they move through the cytoplasm 6) Golgi Body - Chemically modifies and fold the polypeptides, before packaging them 7) Cell Membrane - The newly packaged glycoproteins exit the cell through the cell membrane

Question 38

Give three differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Answer 38

Any three from: Size, membrane bound organelles, structure and location of genetic material, structure of ribosomes or sites of respiration.

Question 39

Give three differences between Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic cells and viruses.

Answer 39

Any three from: - Viruses are not made of cells - Viruses are unable to replicate by themselves - Viruses are not thought of alive