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biolala > Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

List the organelles in an animal cell.

A

Golgi body, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, centrioles, mitochondria, lysozyme, nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane and cytoplasm

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2
Q

List the organelles of a plant cell.

A

Plasmodesmata, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, golgi body, mitochondria, RER, nucleus, ribosomes, SER and vacuole

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3
Q

How to workout total magnification?

A

eyepiece x objective

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4
Q

Why must the sample be thin?

A

To allow light to pass through

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5
Q

Why must the sample be stained?

A

To see the organelles clearer and more visible

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6
Q

Why might staining be a disadvantage?

A

it can be toxic and harm/kill organisms

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7
Q

State the structures of a nucleus.

A

nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin and nucleolus.

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8
Q

Give the function of each structure in a nucleus (there are 4)

A

Nuclear envelope: double membrane with pores to allow transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of nucleus to cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm: cytoplasm-like material within nucleus containing chromatin.
Chromatin: made up of coils of DNA bound to histone protein. during cell division, chromatin condenses forming visible chromosomes.
Nucleolus: one or more spherical bodies which synthesise rRNA

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9
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

to release energy in the form of ATP during aerobic respiration

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10
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria.

A

they have a double membrane with a narrow fluid-filled intermembrane space. the inner membrane is folded inwards to form extensions called cristae which increase the surface area for ATP synthesis to occur. there is an organic matrix containing many chemical compounds like lipids, proteins, small 70s ribosomes and a small circle of DNA to allow self-replication in response to energy needs of the cell

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11
Q

Where do the stages of aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondria?

A

in the matrix and on inner membrane

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12
Q

where are large numbers of mitochondria usually found in the body?

A

liver and muscles (break down toxins and contraction)

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13
Q

What are the 2 sizes of ribosomes and which belongs to eukaryotes/prokaryotes?

A

80s(eukaryotes) and 70s(prokaryotes)

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14
Q

How is a ribosome structured?

A

a small subunit on a large subunit made of rRNA and protein.

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15
Q

How does protein synthesis occur?

A

in translation, mRNA fits in the groove between the 2 subunits and provides the code for a sequence of amino acids.

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16
Q

where are ribosomes found in a cell?

A

free in cytoplasm or associated with RER

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17
Q

What is the function and structure of RER?

A

its an internal system of flattened membranous sacs/cisternae which are continuous with the nuclear membrane and linked to the golgi body to help transport substances. its function is protein synthesis and transport of proteins so its present in large numbers to synthesise large quantities.

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18
Q

What is the function and structure of SER?

A

its similar in structure to RER but has no ribosomes. its involved in synthesis and transport of lipids and cells which store large quantities of carbohydrates, protein or fat, have loads of SER

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19
Q

Give the function and structure of the golgi body.

A

made up of interconnected flattened membranous sacs, and vesicles containing polypeptides pinch off from RER and fuse with the Golgi body. proteins are modified and packaged into vesicles and at the other end of the GB, vesicles containing the modified proteins bud off. they modify and package proteins into secretory vesicles for secretion from the cell, they produce glycoproteins, form lysosomes, transport and store lipids and secrete carbohydrates for formation of plant cell walls.

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20
Q

Give function and structure of lysosomes.

A

single membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes and are produced by the golgi body. they isolate potentially harmful digestive enzymes from the remainder of the cell and release hydrolytic enzymes when the cell needs to break down worn-out organelles. they also digest material that has been taken in the cell, for example, lysosomes fuse with the vesicle made when a white blood cell engulfs bacteria by phagocytosis and their enzymes digest the bacteria.

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21
Q

Link the function of the organelles.

A

DNA in the nucleus contains genetic code to make proteins/mRNA
nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope allow mRNA to leave nucleus and attach to ribosomes in RER or cytoplasm
mRNA transported through RER
protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes
vesicles pinched off from RER are transported to Golgi body
vesicles fuse with golgi membrane and contents are shed into golgi sacs
proteins formed into more complex molecules
vesicles containing modified proteins bud off at the end of golgi body
vesicles fuse with cell membranes
proteins are secreted - by exocytosis
lysosomes may be produced - digestive enzymes

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22
Q

How are phospholipid molecules arranged on the membrane of cells?

A

as a bilayer
fatty acid tails of both layers point towards inside of the membrane
hydrophilic heads point outwards, interacting with the tissue fluid/blood plasma

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23
Q

What are the 3 other structural components of the cell membrane?

A

protein - globular, can be found on the surface/partly embedded/extending completely across both layers (extrinsic and intrinsic)
carbohydrates - found pointing outside of the cell, attached to either glycoproteins or glycolipids and collectively known as the glycocalyx
cholesterol - type of liquid found between phospholipids in animal cell membranes and controls membrane fluidity

24
Q

Why is the cell membrane model called the fluid mosaic model?

A

fluid - individual phospholipid molecules can move around relative to one another
mosaic - proteins embedded vary in size and are arranged in a random pattern

25
Q

What is the main function of a cell membrane?

A

to aid transport of certain substances into/out of cells

26
Q

What do extrinsic and intrinsic proteins allow?

A

ext. - may act as receptors for hormones
int. - acts as carriers and channels to allow passage of charged/polar molecules through the hydrophobic region

27
Q

what is the glycocalyx for?

A

it acts as cell-to-cell recognition, in cell adhesion and acts as receptors

28
Q

what is the function of phospholipids?

A

allows nonpolar/uncharged molecules through

29
Q

where and what are centrioles for? how do they look?

A

found outside nucleus, consisting of 2 rings of microtubules arranged in hollow cylinders positioned at right angles to one another
during cell division they migrate to opposite poles of the cell and form the spindle

30
Q

describe the entire component of the vacuole in plants and animals.

A

plants - large permanent vacuole consisting of a fluid-filled sac bounded by a single membrane known as the tonoplast. contains cell sap, a soln. that stores chemicals such as glucose and amino acids. they also support soft plant tissues
animals - vacuoles are small temporary vesicles and may occur in large numbers, can be formed by phagocytosis

31
Q

what is the plant cell wall made of and describe it’s role?

A

made up of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide matrix called the pectin
confers rigidity on plant cells

32
Q

what is the plasmodesmata?

A

it is the narrow pores in the cell wall.
fine strands of cytoplasm pass through these, connecting one cell to the next and allowing substances to move between them.
contains ER to help with the movement.

33
Q

describe the structure of chloroplasts

A

double membrane.
within chloroplast there is colourless gelatinous matrix called stroma containing 70s ribosomes, circular DNA (for self-replication), lipid and starch grains.
in stroma are flattened sacs called thylakoids which are stacked to form grana connected by lamellae.

34
Q

what is the role of chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis in plants.
photosynthetic pigments are found within each thylakoid

35
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

e - organisms made of cells that have membrane-bound organelles, with DNA in the nucleus in the form of chromosomes
p - single-celled organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei, with DNA free in the cytoplasm.

36
Q

list organelles in bacterium cell

A

always present:
70s ribosomes
cell membrane
cytoplasm
peptidoglycan cell wall
circular DNA

sometimes present:
capsule - for protection
pili - short hairs, protective/reproductive/signalling function
photosynthetic membranes - found in blue-green algae
mesosome - infolding of cell membrane, aerobic respiration occurs
plasmid
flagellum

37
Q

compare a eukaryote to a prokaryote. (11 points)

A

size of cell - smaller than eukaryotes
p is unicellular, e is multicellular
p has no nucleus, e has present nucleus
p has circular DNA, e has DNA within nucleus as chromosomes
p has 70s ribosomes, e has 80s ribosomes
p has binary fission cell division, e has mitosis/meiosis cell division
p has no membrane-bound organelles, e does
cell wall of p made of peptidoglycan, in e it is made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi
p has capsule, e doesnt
p has plasmids, e doesnt
site of respiration for p is at mesosome, mitochondrion for e

38
Q

What can viruses do?

A

reproduce inside a host cell, hijacking the host cell’s metabolism

39
Q

what are viruses made of?

A

nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
some have DNA, others have RNA

40
Q

what is a bacteriophage and what are they made of?

A

they are viruses that attack bacteria
they have a head that is specific to the bacteria
a protein coat
DNA
sheath
tail fibre

41
Q

what 4 ways can a virus be transmitted?

A

aerosol
insect vectors
exchange of bodily fluids
bites

42
Q

the definition of an organism is……

A

all the systems of the body working together make an organism, which is a discrete individual

43
Q

what is the first level of organisation in the human body? give examples

A

cells
e.g, red blood cell, ovum, nerve cell, sperm cell and epithelial cell

44
Q

give the definition of tissues

A

an aggregation of specialised cells carrying out a specific function

45
Q

what are the 4 types of primary tissues?

A

epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue and nerve tissue

46
Q

what do epithelial tissue do?

A

form a continuous layer/covering/lining the internal and external surfaces of the body

47
Q

what are the 4 types of epithelial tissue?

A

squamous epithelium - body cavities such as mouth & alveoli
cuboidal epithelium - kidney tubules & gland ducts
columnar epithelium - stomach & intestines
ciliated columnar epithelium - trachea & oviduct

48
Q

what do connective tissue do?

A

connects and anchors structures and gives strength and support to the body and its organs

49
Q

what is the role of collagen in connective tissue?

A

forms extracellular fibres that give strength to dense connective tissues such as the tendons and ligaments.
its also found in the tough outer layer of large blood vessels

50
Q

what do muscle tissue do?

A

nerve impulses bring about muscle contraction, causing muscle to shorten. As contraction ends, normal muscle length is again attained

51
Q

define organs.

A

an aggregation of several tissues that carry out a specific function for the whole organism

52
Q

what is an organ system?

A

two or more different organs working together to provide a common function.

53
Q

give the names of 10 different organ systems and the major organs involved in them

A

skeletal - bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
muscular - skeletal and smooth muscle
circular - heart, blood vessels, blood
reproductive - ovaries, uterus, oviducts, vagina, testes, penis, seminal vesicles
endocrine - glands e.g, thylakoid, pituitary, adrenal
excretory - kidneys, bladder ureters, urethra
digestive - oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
nervous - brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
respiratory - lungs, diaphragm
immune - lymph, white blood cells

54
Q

the first level of organisation in plants is also cells. identify some

A

palisade cells, guard cells, root hair cells

55
Q

give the tissue name of 5 different tissues in plants and also give their function

A

xylem tissue - transport of water and dissolved minerals
phloem tissue - transport of sucrose and amino acids
palisade mesophyll - photosynthesis
spongy mesophyll - some phsths. , provides air spaces for gas exchange
upper epidermis - contain cell found on the top surface of a leaf, protected by a waterproof waxy cuticle

56
Q

list the plant organs and give their functions

A

flower - reproduction (makes seeds)
leaf - photosynthesis
stem - support
roots - anchors plant, uptake of water and mineral ions

biolala (17 decks)

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