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Biology AS Level unit 1 > Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Mitochondria labels

A
  • stalked particles
  • cristae
  • matrix (where aerobic respiration takes place)
  • intermembrane space
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • small circle of DNA
  • ribosomes
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2
Q

Mitochondria structure

A
  • cylindrical
  • bound by double membrane
  • folded inner membrane (cristae)
  • fluid fills intermembrane space
  • synthesises own proteins and self replicates using proteins, lipids, circle of DNA and ribosomes
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3
Q

Function of mitochondrion

A

Synthesise ATP by aerobic respiration

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4
Q

Where can many mitochondria be found?

A

Liver and muscle cells

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5
Q

Nucleus labels

A
  • nuclear pore
  • nuclear envelope
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • ribosomes
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6
Q

Nucleus structure

A
  • spherical
  • bound by double membrane
  • contains chromatin + nucleolus
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7
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Site of DNA replication and transcription

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8
Q

Function of chromatin

A

DNA condenses to form chromosomes for cell division

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9
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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10
Q

Function of nuclear pores

A

Gaps in envelope allow passage of large molecules in and out (mRNA + ribosomes)

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11
Q

Function of nuclear envelope

A

Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

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12
Q

Ribosome labels

A
  • large subunit
  • protein chain
  • amino acid
  • mRNA
  • small subunit
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13
Q

Ribosome structure

A
  • 1 large subunit + 1 small subunit

- consists of rRNA + protein - either attached to RER or free in cytoplasm

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14
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis, protein assembly, translation (mRNA assembles proteins from amino acids)

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15
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum labels

A
  • ribosomes

- cisternae

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

-flattened sacs (cisternae) with ribosomes attached

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17
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Protein transport (proteins made by ribosomes attached), packages proteins into vesicles to travel to Golgi body

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18
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum labels

A

-cisternae

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

-flattened sacs (cisternae), no ribosomes attached

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20
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis and transport of lipids

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21
Q

Golgi body labels

A
  • cisternae
  • vesicles from RER
  • vesicles from Golgi
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22
Q

Golgi body structure

A

-series of dynamic flattened sacs and vesicles

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23
Q

Function of Golgi body

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A

Modification of proteins from RER, packages proteins into vesicles transported elsewhere, also forms lysosomes

24
Q

Lysosome labels

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A
  • single wall membrane

- enzyme complexes

25
Lysosome structure
- vacuoles that contain digesting enzymes | - bound by single membrane
26
Function of lysosomes
Digest solid material/'worn out' organelles by phagocytosis
27
Centriole labels
- spindle | - triplet microtubules
28
Centriole structure
-made of tubulin (protein)
29
Function of centrioles
Organise microtubules that make spindle in cell division
30
Plasmodesmata structure
-strands of cytoplasm that pass through pits in cell wall to neighbouring cells
31
Function of plasmodesmata
Transport water along symplast pathway through root
32
Chloroplast labels
- outer membrane - inner membrane - stroma - lipid droplet - granum (stack of thylakoids) - intergranal lamella (thylakoid) - ring of DNA - starch granule - ribosomes
33
Chloroplast structure
- surrounded by double membrane - liquid stroma contains starch grains, lipid droplets, DNA and ribosomes - flattened sacs = thylakoids - granum contains chlorophyll
34
Function of chloroplasts
Absorb light energy for photosynthesis
35
Vacuole labels
-tonoplast
36
Vacuole structure
- large permanent fluid filled sac | - single membrane (tonoplast)
37
Function of vacuoles
Storage site of chemicals (e.g glucose), osmotic system which supports plant tissues
38
Prokaryotic bacterium structure
- nucleoid DNA - ribosomes - flagellum - capsule - cell membrane - mesosome - murein cell wall
39
Virus structure
- protein coat - nucleic acid - DNA/RNA/a few genes
40
Cell theory
All living organisms made of cells (multicellular or unicellular) Cells are the basic units of life Cells arise from pre-existing cells
41
Prokaryotes
- bacteria, blue-green algae - DNA free in cytoplasm - murein cell wall - small ribosomes - no nuclear membrane - no membrane bound organelles - plasmids
42
Eukaryotes
- plants, animals, fungi, protoctists - DNA located in chromosomes - cellulose cell wall - large ribosomes - distinct membrane bound nucleus - membrane bound organelles - no plasmids
43
Tissue definition + examples
Aggregation (group) of cells with same structure and function working together E.g. Epithelial, muscle, connective
44
Organ definition + examples
Aggregation of different tissues working together to carry out function for organism E.g. Brain, liver, heart
45
Organ system definition + examples
Group of organs working together with a particular role | E.g. Digestive system, reproductive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system
46
Epithelial
- forms a continuous layer and covers internal & external surfaces of body - cells sit on a basement membrane
47
3 types of epithelial tissue
- cuboidal epithelium - columnar epithelium - squamous epithelium
48
Cuboidal epithelium
- cube shaped | - found in kidney nephron (in PCT) & salivary gland ducts
49
Columnar epithelium
- elongated cells | - cilia if lining tube where substances like mucus/eggs move through
50
Squamous epithelium
- flattened cells | - form walls of alveolus in lungs & line Bowman's (renal) capsule of kidney nephron
51
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal/striated - smooth - cardiac
52
Skeletal
- voluntary control - tires easily - striated appearance from protein fibrils within fused muscle cells
53
Smooth
- contract involuntarily | - form walls of hollow organs (e.g stomach)
54
Cardiac
- contract rhythmically - never tire - only found in heart
55
Connective tissue
- binds and supports tissues - consists of cells, elastic & collagen fibres in an extracellular matrix (proteins and polysaccharides secreted by neighbouring tissues)

Biology AS Level unit 1 (7 decks)

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