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National 5 Biology > Cell Structure, Membrane Transport + DNA and the Production of Proteins > Flashcards

Cell Structure, Membrane Transport + DNA and the Production of Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the cell wall and which types of cells are they found in?

A

The cell wall is found in the plant, fungal and bacterial cell

It’s function is to provide support to cells

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2
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria and which types of cells are they found in?

A

The mitochondria is found in animal, plant and fungal cells.

It is the site of aerobic respiration

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3
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts and which types of cells are they found in?

A

Chloroplasts are only found in some plant cells (ie: in green plants)

It’s function is that it contains pigment chlorophyll which traps light energy from the sun and needed for photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane and which types of cells are they found in?

A

The cell membrane is found in all cells

It’s function is to control the movement of substances moving in and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm and which types of cells are they found in?

A

The cytoplasm is found in all cells

It’s function is where all chemical reactions occur

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6
Q

What is the function of the vacuole and which types of cells are they found in?

A

The vacuole is found in plant and fungal cells

It’s a fluid filled sac which contains water, sugars and salts

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus and which types of cells is it found in?

A

The nucleus is found in animal, plant and fungal cells.

It controls cell activities and contains genetic information

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8
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes and which types of cells are they found in?

A

The ribosomes are found in all cells

It’s the site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of plasmids and which types of cells are they found in?

A

The plasmids are only found in bacterial cells

It is small circular DNA

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10
Q

What is the function of cellulose and which types of cells are they found in?

A

Cellulose is only found in plant cells

It is a structural carbohydrate present in the cell wall

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11
Q

Fill in the blanks: A bacterium has one chromosome in the form of a complete circle and one or more smaller circles called………?

A

Plasmids.

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12
Q

What are the chromosomes and plasmids made up of?

A

DNA.

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13
Q

What type of fungus is yeast?

A

A uni-cellular fungus.

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14
Q

Look at all the cells. Be able to identify and name all organelles in the cell. Do this for each cell.

A

Rate the card as to how well you named the organelles of the cell.

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15
Q

What are plant cell walls made out of?

A

Cellulose.

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16
Q

Do cell walls in fungi and bacteria contain cellulose?

A

No. They are made out of different types of carbohydrate.

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17
Q

How do yeast cells grow?

A

Yeast grows by increasing the number of yeast cells through asexual reproduction.

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18
Q

How do yeast cells multiply?

A

They multiply by budding.

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19
Q

Name 5 structures found both in animal and plant cells.

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell membrane and ribosomes.

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20
Q

Name three structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

A

Chloroplasts (only in green plants), vacuole, cell wall.

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21
Q

Name one structure only found in green plant cells.

A

Chloroplasts.

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22
Q

What organelle (cell structure) carries out protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes.

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23
Q

Which organelle is responsible for providing most of a cell’s energy requirements.

A

Mitochondria.

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24
Q

What solution is commonly used to stain cells?

A

Iodine solution.

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25
How is total magnification calculated?
Eyepiece lens x Objective lens
26
Example: Calculate the total magnification with the following measurements: Eyepiece lens: 20x Objective lens: 40x
Total magnification = 800x (SHOW YOUR WORKING)
27
Example: Find the measurement of the eyepiece lens with the following measurements: Objective lens: 10x Total magnification: 400x
Eyepiece lens = 40x (SHOW YOUR WORKING)
28
How to you convert mm to µm?
To convert mm to µm you x1000
29
How do you convert µm to mm?
To convert µm to mm you ÷ 1000
30
How do you calculate the average length of one cell?
Diameter ÷ cells across
31
Example: Calculate the average length of one cell using the following measurements, give answer in micrometres: Cells across: 4 Diameter: 1mm
Answer: 250 µm (SHOW WORKING AND CONVERSION)
32
How do you calculate the average breadth of one cell?
Diameter ÷ cells from the top to bottom
33
Example: Calculate the average breadth of one cell using the following measurements: Diameter: 2mm Cells from top to bottom: 10
Answer: 200 µm (SHOW ALL WORKING AND CONVERSIONS)
34
What is a cell?
Basic unit of all living things.
35
What is a bacteria?
A single-celled organism which **doesn’t have a nucleus**.
36
What is a fungi?
**Single-celled** organism containing **nucleus, cell wall and vacuole**.
37
What is a circular chromosome?
**Genetic material** found **within the cytoplasm** of **bacterial cells**.
38
How are proteins denatured?
They are denatured with **acid + high temperatures**.
39
How are phospholipids destroyed?
They are destroyed by **alcohol**.
40
What are the two main parts that the cell membrane is made up of?
**Phospholipids** and **proteins**.
41
What do the phospholipids make up in the cell membrane and what can they do?
They **make up** the **membrane fluid**. They are **able to move**.
42
Where are the proteins found in the cell membrane?
They are **found** within the **membrane** and **on each surface**.
43
What can the cell membrane described as and what does it mean?
The cell membrane is described as being **‘selectively permeable’**, which means it **controls** what substances can move in and out of the cell. If it is small enough, it can move in and out. If it is too large, then the substance has the stay where it is.
44
What are examples of substances can pass through the cell membrane?
Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide.
45
What are examples of substances cannot pass through the cell membrane?
Proteins, cells, starch, fats.
46
What is the definition of a concentration gradient?
A concentration gradient means that the **concentration** of a **particular substance** is **greater on one side** than the other.
47
What is the definition of diffusion?
Diffusion is the **movement of molecules** of a substance down a concentration gradient, from a region of **higher** concentration to a region of **lower** concentration until the concentration becomes **equal**. It is a form of **passive transport** which means that this process requires **no energy**.
48
What substances enter the cell from diffusion and how?
**Glucose and oxygen** enter the cell from a **higher concentration outside the cell** to a **lower concentration inside the cell**.
49
What substance leaves the cell during diffusion and how?
**Carbon dioxide** leaves the cell from diffusion from a **higher concentration inside the cell** to a **lower concentration outside the cell**.
50
Why is diffusion important to cells?
They **gain raw materials** (oxygen and glucose) for **respiration** They **remove harmful waste products**; carbon dioxide
51
What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is the **movement of water** from a **higher water concentration** to a **lower water concentration** across a **selectively permeable membrane**
52
How can you make results of an experiment more reliable?
**Repeating** the experiment and taking an **average** of your results.
53
What is the condition of a plant cell which has gained water by osmosis, and what will the cell look like?
It is called a **turgid** cell. The cell contents appear **swollen** and **push against the cell wall**.
54
What is the condition of a plant cell which has lost water by osmosis, and what will the contents of the cell look like?
It is called a **plasmolysed** cell. The **vacuole and cytoplasm** will appear **shrunken** and the **cell membrane** will have **pulled away** from the cell wall
55
What happens to an animal cell that gains water from osmosis?
It **bursts**
56
What happens when an animal cell loses water from osmosis?
It **shrinks**
57
Why do animal cells burst when it gains water from osmosis?
Plant cells **have a cell wall** whereas animal cells **have no cell wall**
58
What is the definition of chromosomes?
Chromosomes are structures which **contain genetic information** There are **46 (23 pairs)** of these in a cell.
59
What is the definition of a gene?
Genes are a **section of a chromosome** and **carry the code** to make one protein They have different forms called **alleles**
60
What is the shape of DNA?
Double stranded helix
61
What are the names of the bases of DNA and what do they pair with?
The bases are Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Adenine (A) **Guanine (G)** pairs with **Cytosine (C)** **Thymine (T)** pairs with **Adenine (A)**
62
What do the bases of gene codes for a protein determine?
The sequence of the bases **determine the order of amino acids** which in turn **determines the structure of the protein and its function**
63
What is mRNA?
Molecule that carries a **complementary copy of the genetic code** from the DNA in the nucleus.
64
What are base pairs?
Bonding of **complementary bases** in DNA molecules, ie: G pairs with C and A pairs with T
65
What are amino acids?
The sub units of a protein and are arranged in sequence to make a protein molecule.
66
What are proteins?
Molecules that carry out many cellular functions, made from amino acids.
67
What is DNA?
Substance that **forms chromosomes** and **contains genetic information**
68
Describe the formation of a protein. (Starting from DNA)
DNA > mRNA > ribosomes > amino acids > protein
69
What is DNA made of?
Bases
70
What needs to happen for protein synthesis to occur?
A **complementary copy** of genetic code must be made and contained in the **mRNA**. The mRNA is then transported from the **nucleus to the ribosome** for protein synthesis.
71
What is haemoglobin?
Red pigment that **carries oxygen** around the body
72
What are antibodies?
Produced by white blood cells and **protects body from pathogens**
73
Hormones
Chemical messengers. Eg: insulin, testosterone, oestrogen, adrenaline
74
What are enzymes?
Speed up chemical reactions. Eg: amylase, catalase, phosphorylase
75
What are transport proteins?
They help the movement of molecules. Eg: membrane protein
76
What are structural proteins?
Provide **shape and support** to an organism. Eg: collagen, keratin, actin, myosin.
77
What is active transport?
Active transport is the movement of **ions** moves a across a **cell membrane**, **against** a concentration gradient from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. This process requires **energy** to transport the substance. Substances cross the membrane through a **protein molecule**.
78
What is an example of active transport?
Sodium/Potassium pump, where **proteins** in the membrane **pump** sodium ions out the cell and potassium ions in the cell.

National 5 Biology (7 decks)

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