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National 5 Biology > Multicellular Organisms (Part 1) > Flashcards

Multicellular Organisms (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

How is the CNS connected to the rest of the body?

A

By neurons (nerves)

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Controls conscious thought and memory and personality

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4
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls muscle coordination and balance

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5
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Controls breathing & heart rate

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does the human body have?

A

46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

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7
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

Two sets of chromosomes in the same cell.

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8
Q

What is the chromosome complement of human cells?

A

46

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9
Q

What is a chromosome made out of?

A

A chromosome is made out of two chromatids, joined at the centromere

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10
Q

What is the pathway of an impulse?

A

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neuron → Inter neuron → Motor neuron → Effector → Response

NOTE: the impulse travels across synapses, releasing chemicals that reach the ((next neuron**.

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11
Q

Give examples of stimuli

A

Heat, pain, sound, object moving towards you, smell

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12
Q

Give examples of receptors

A

Skin, eyes, ears, tongue, nose

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13
Q

Give examples of effectors

A

Muscle, glands

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14
Q

Give examples of responses.

A

Swallowing, pulling hand away, catching ball

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15
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The place where two neurons meet

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16
Q

What happens when an impulse reaches a synapse?

A

When a nerves electrical impulse arrives at the end of one neuron, it causes the release of chemicals. The chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptors on the next neuron, triggering another impulse

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17
Q

What is the function of the sensory neuron?

A

The sensory neuron passes information from a receptor to the CNS

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18
Q

Describe the process of mitosis.

A
  1. Nucleus contains long uncoiled chromosomes which are difficult to see.
  2. Chromosomes make copies of themselves and become visible as pairs of identical chromatids.
  3. Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
  4. Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes and pairs of chromatids are pulled apart.
  5. Chromosomes move to opposite poles.
  6. Nuclear membrane forms and cytoplasm divides.
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19
Q

What is the function of the Inter neuron?

A

The Inter neuron operates within the CNS to carry impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron.

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20
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells involved in repair of tissue and replacing of damaged cells. They are responsible for the production of specialised cells in animals.

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21
Q

What is the special ability of a stem cell?

A

Stem cells can self-renew by cell division or have the potential to become different types of specialised cell.

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22
Q

What is the function of the motor neuron?

A

The motor neuron carries impulses from the CNS to the effector (muscle or gland)

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23
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

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24
Q

What does a hormone do?

A

Hormones are carried all over the body to a specific target cell. The hormone binds to a specific receptor and causes changes to occur inside the cell.

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25
What are the characteristics of a nerve message?
**Electrical** message Travel in the **nerves** **Fast** speed
26
What are the characteristics of a hormone?
**Chemical** message Travel **in the blood** **Slow** travel
27
What happens when there is an increase in blood sugar?
Change detected by **pancreas** **Insulin** released into **liver** from pancreas Insulin binds to **specific receptor** on the membrane of liver cell Cells stimulated to take in **glucose** **Glucose** converted to **glycogen** which is release into bloodstream
28
What happens when there is a decrease in blood sugar?
**Pancreas** produces **glucagon** Glucagon **travels** in the **blood** To the **liver** **Glycogen** is **broken down** into **glucose** **Glucose** is **released** into the **blood**.
29
What types of cell can stem cells become?
Red blood cells, muscle cell, nerve cell, bone cell etc.
30
What are the main processes that stem cells are naturally used for in an human body?
Replacing damaged / dead cells Repair of tissue
31
What is the structure and function of a nerve cell?
**Long connection length** Useful for **transmitting** signals over **long distance** from **sensors** to the **brain**.
32
What is the structure and function of a red blood cell?
Has **biconcave** shape and **no nucleus**. Allows for **large surface area** so it can carry **more oxygen**.
33
What is the structure and function of a sperm cell?
Has a **tail** Useful for swimming to the egg and **fertilising** it.
34
What is the structure and function of a root hair cell?
**Long and thin** Allows for a **large surface area** to absorb **more water**.
35
What is the structure and function of a leaf palisade cell?
Has many **chloroplasts** Allows for **photosynthesis** to be carried out effectively.
36
What structure and function of a cilliated cell?
Has **tiny hairs** Helps **move eggs** along **oviduct**.
37
How can multicellular organisms be organised in a hierarchy?
Cells, tissues and organs, organ system and organism.
38
What is a haploid cell?
A cell with **one set** of chromosomes.
39
How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?
23
40
What is the male gamete cell in animals?
Sperm cell
41
Where is the sperm produced?
Testes
42
What is fertilisation in animals?
When the **sperm nucleus** and the **egg nucleus** fuse together.
43
What is the female gamete cell in animals?
The egg
44
Where is the egg produced?
Ovaries
45
Where does fertilisation occur in animals?
The oviduct.
46
What is the male gamete in plants?
Pollen
47
Where is the pollen produced?
The anther
48
What is the female gamete in plants?
The ovule.
49
Where is the ovule produced?
Ovary
50
What does the zygote form after dividing?
An embryo
51
What are the two types of variation?
**Continuous** and **discrete** variation.
52
What is continuous variation?
A **characteristic** that shows a **range of values** between a **minimum** and a **maximum**. It is **measurable**. It exhibits **polygenic inheritance**.
53
What is discrete variation?
A **characteristic** that falls into **two or more distinct groups**. It is **non-measurable**. It exhibits **single gene inheritance**.
54
What is polygenic inheritance?
A **characteristic** controlled by **more than one** type of **gene**.
55
What is a heterozygous gene?
Organism that contains **two different alleles** of the **same gene**.
56
What is a homozygous organism?
Organism that contains **identical alleles** for a **particular gene**.
57
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that **always shows its effect** and **masks** the presence of the **other form** of gene.
58
What is a recessive allele?
Type of allele that is **masked** by the **dominant allele**.
59
In mice, the allele for a black coat (**B**) is dominant to the allele for a white coat (**b**). Using that information, answer the following questions: - A) What is the genotype for a mouse with homozygous of the dominant allele? - B) What would the phenotype of that mouse be? - C) What is the genotype for a mouse with heterozygous alleles? - D) What would its phenotype be? - E) What is the genotype of a mouse with homozygous recessive alleles? - F) What would its phenotype be? - G) Why is a mouse with genotype bb described by homozygous?
A) BB B) black coat C) Bb D) black coat E) bb F) white coat G) Because they have two of the same allele.
60
Describe how an electrical impulse travels.
The **stimulus** is **detected** by **receptors**. Sent by **electrical impulse**. Impulse then travels from **sensory neuron** to **inter neuron** Across **synapses**, triggering release of chemicals which then go towards the next neuron Then it travels towards **motor neuron** Then towards the **effector** (a muscle or gland) which then **triggers response**.
61
Problem Solving: As a result of Type 1 diabetes, **glucose** is **unable to enter** the **cells** of the body. A **symptom** of this is **extreme tiredness**. Why might a person suffer extreme tiredness?
Glucose is **needed** to **release** energy, if there is **less glucose** then **less energy** is released.

National 5 Biology (7 decks)

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