Cell structure & Microscope

Question 1

Resolution

Answer 1

To distinguish two separate points on an image as two separate objects

Question 2

Magnification

Answer 2

Number of times a real life specimen have been enlarged to give a bigger view of the image

Question 3

Light microscope [2]

Answer 3

1) Low resolution because of long wavelengths of light
2) Coloured images and organisms are alive

Question 4

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Answer 4

1) High magnification and resolution (electron shorter wavelength)
2) electrons pass through inside organism’s structure to make image (must be dead)

Question 5

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Answer 5

1) High magnification and resolution
2) Electrons bounce off the surface of organism to show 3D image

Question 6

Compare magnification vs resolution [2]

Answer 6

1) Low resolution in light microscopes because of long light wavelength
2) High resolution and magnification in electron microscope because of short electron wavelength

Question 7

1mm to micrometers

Answer 7

1000micrometer

Question 8

1mm to cm

Answer 8

x10

Question 9

1mm to nanometers

Answer 9

1,000,000nm

Question 10

Cell surface membrane [3]

Answer 10

1) regulate nutrient and waste transport in and out of cell
2) Very thin
3) Double phospholipid layers

Question 11

Structures inside nucleus

Answer 11

Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope

Question 12

Nucleus

Answer 12

Contains DNA which gets arranged into chromosomes

Question 13

Nuclear envelop

Answer 13

Nucleus membrane and have lots of pores so: mRNA and ribosomes can travel out of nucleus, enzymes and signaling molecules can move in

Question 14

Nucleolus [2]

Answer 14

1) Site of ribosome production
2) Made of protein, RNA, DNA, and ribosome synthesis

Question 15

Rough endoplasmic reticulum [4]

Answer 15

1) Continuous folds of membrane linked with nuclear envelope
2) Surface of RER is covered in ribosomes
3) To process proteins that are produced in ribosome
4) Makes enzymes

Question 16

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum [2]

Answer 16

1) No ribosomes on the surface
2) Production of lipids and steroid hormones

Question 17

Golgi body [3]

Answer 17

1) Series of flattened sacs of membrane
2) Modify protein and package them into vesicles
3) Cell delivery center

Question 18

Mitochondria [2]

Answer 18

1) Nutrient rich matrix liquid in centre
2) Cellular respiration G-> ATP

Question 19

Cytoplasm [3]

Answer 19

1) Jelly-like matrix contains lots of water
2) Contains organelles, sugars, and proteins for growth and reproduction
3) Aid material movement, cell shape, and organelle network

Question 20

Cellular respiration equation

Answer 20

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
ATP

Question 21

Ribosome [2]

Answer 21

1) 20nm in diameter Pro, 25nm in diameter Euk
2) Protein synthesis RNA->proteins

Question 22

Lysosome [4]

Answer 22

1) Digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes, endocytosis
2) Rid waste products
3) exocytosis, release content of lysosome out of cell
4) Self digestion

Question 23

Centrioles [3]

Answer 23

1) Only in animal cells
2) Microtubules (tubulin protein, hollow)
3) Organizes spindle fibers

Question 24

Spindle fibers

Answer 24

Protein structures that divide genetic materials in a cell

Question 25

Microtubules [2]

Answer 25

1) Cytoskeleton 2) Tubulin protein -> dimer -> protofilament

Question 26

Cilia [3]

Answer 26

1) Animal and protist cells (not plant cells) 2) Thin and made of protein microtubules 3) Move/transport fluid

Question 27

Microvilli [3]

Answer 27

1) Very small finger-like extension 2) Increase surface area 3) Absorption/ secretion

Question 28

Flagellum [3]

Answer 28

1) Animal and protist cells (not plant cells) 2) Thin and long at the rear end of cells 3) For movement

Question 29

Chloroplast [2]

Answer 29

1) Chlorophyll 2) Photosynthesis

Question 30

Cell wall [2]

Answer 30

1) Supports structure and protects cells 2) Cellulose fibres

Question 31

Plasmodesmata [2]

Answer 31

1) channels of cytoplasm between plant cells 2) material transport and communication between plant cells

Question 32

Vacuole in animal cells [2]

Answer 32

1) Several small vacuole 2) Can contain nutrients, water, or waste

Question 33

Vacuole in plant cells [3]

Answer 33

1) Large permanent vacuole 2) Store water and push against cell wall 3) Keeps plant rigid

Question 34

4 types of cells

Answer 34

Animal Plant Virus Bacteria

Question 35

Animal cell [2]

Answer 35

1) Plasma membrane enclose membrane bound nucleus and organelles 2) Small vacuoles

Question 36

Plant cell [4]

Answer 36

1) Plasma membrane enclose membrane bound nucleus and organelles 2) rigid cell wall 3) central vacuole 4) chloroplast

Question 37

Bacteria [2]

Answer 37

1) No nucleus 2) No organelles except ribosomes

Question 38

Virus [4]

Answer 38

1) Not living 2) Not considered consisting of cells 3) Yes genetic material (RNA DNA) 4) Similar to all living things

Question 39

Prokaryotes (typical bacteria) [8]

Answer 39

1) No membrane 2) No nucleus 3) Unicellular 4) diameter=~1-5micrometers 5)70S ribosomes 6) Circular DNA 7) Peptidoglycan cell walls 8) No ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Question 40

Eukaryotes [7]

Answer 40

1) 10-100 micrometers 2)Many membrane bound organelles 3) Yes nucleus 4) Yes ER (endoplasmic reticulum) 5)Linear DNA in chromosome in nucleus 6)Plant cellulose cell wall 7)Cytoplasm 80s and mitochondria/chloroplast 70s

Question 41

Viral structural features

Answer 41

1) nucleis acid core DNA or RNA (Code viral proteins to replicate) 2) Capsid protective coat of proteins

Question 42

Capsid

Answer 42

Protein shell around virus's genetic materials

Question 43

How is a mitochondria adapted to its function [2]

Answer 43

1) Folded inner membranes to increase surface area 2) Inner membrane have lots of enzymes needed for aerobic respiration

Question 44

Chromatin

Answer 44

Chromosomes are made from chromatin. Consists of DNA, proteins, and small amounts of RNA

Question 45

Protoplasm

Answer 45

All living materials within a cell (cytoplasm plus nucleus)

Question 46

Plasmodesmata

Answer 46

Pore like structure found in plant cells allowing the passage of materials from one cell to another cell

Question 47

Tonoplast

Answer 47

Partially permeable membrane that is around a plant vacuole

Question 48

Grana

Answer 48

Stacks of membrane inside a chloroplast

Question 49

cristae

Answer 49

folds of inner membrane inside mitochondrial envelop

Question 50

ADP

Answer 50

ATP breaks down molecule to ADP to release energy

Question 51

Microtubules

Answer 51

Makes up of the cytoskeleton to determine cell shape, its hollow, long and rigid tubes

Question 52

Cillia

Answer 52

Movement of liquid across cell surface

Question 53

Thylakoid

Answer 53

Flattened, membrane bound, fluid filled sac in chloroplast

Question 54

thylakoid vs grana

Answer 54

Grana are the stacks of thylakoid

Question 55

Vacuole [3]

Answer 55

1) Supports the cell structure 2) Storage of food 3) Some waste products can be stored

Question 56

label the mitochondria

Answer 56

Question 57

label the nucleus

Answer 57

Question 58

label the chloroplast

Answer 58