topic 2

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

A single sugar monomer, all of which are reducing sugars

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

one of the many molecules that form polymer

Question 3

Disaccharides

Answer 3

A sugar formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

Question 4

Polymer

Answer 4

Formed from repeating monomers through polymerisation

Question 5

Macromolecule

Answer 5

Very large molecules
High molecular mass

Question 6

Polysaccharides

Answer 6

A polymer formed by many monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

Question 7

Glycosidic bond

Answer 7

covalent chemical bonds that link ring-shaped sugar molecules to other molecules like:

Question 8

Role of covalent bond in forming polymers

Answer 8

by sharing electrons between the monomers, effectively linking them into a long chain structure; this process is called polymerization

Question 9

Reducing sugars vs non reducing sugars

Answer 9

Reducing sugars can be oxidised
non-reducing sugars cannot

Question 10

Examples of reducing sugars

Answer 10

fructose glucose maltose

Question 11

Examples of non reducing sugar

Answer 11

Sucrose

Question 12

Glucose functions [3]

Answer 12

1) Can accumulate in cells
2) Disrupt osmotic balance (The regulation of water and salt levels)
3)Needs to be converted into insoluble storage form
Starch in plant
Glycogen in animal

Question 13

Starch- Amylose [3]

Answer 13

1) Straight chains but curvy
2) Alpha C1+C4
3) Contains hydrogen bonds

Question 14

Starch- Amylopectin [3]

Answer 14

1) Branch chains and shorter
2) Branching pattern allows many ends to attach/detach glucose molecules
3) Alpha C1+C4 & C1+C6

Question 15

Glycogen [4]

Answer 15

1) Similar structures to amylopectin but shorter branches
2) More compact
3) Faster hydrolysis (the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.)
4) Alpha C1+C4 & C1+C6

Question 16

Cellulose [3]

Answer 16

1) Long unbranched chains linked by H- bonds -> form strong microfibrils -> Resistance to hydrolysis
2) Beta C1+C4
3) OH group at top next monomer rotate 180 (more strength)

Question 17

functions of sugars [6]

Answer 17

1) Immediate substrate for respiration
2) Energy store
3) Structural components
4) Metabolite
5) Cell-cell attachment
6) Transport

Question 18

Why can’t lipids cross cell surface membrane [2]

Answer 18

1) It is too large
2) needs to be broken down into fatty acids and glycerols

Question 19

test for non-reducing sugars [4]

Answer 19

1) Boil with hydrochloric acid
2) Add alkali to neutralise the solution
3) heat with benedict’s solution
4) Colour change to red

Question 20

Maltose structure [2]

Answer 20

1) a 1,4 glycosidic bond
2) Disaccharide

Question 21

Sucrose structure [2]

Answer 21

1) a 1,2 glycosidic bond
2) Disaccharide

Question 22

Cellulose structure [2]

Answer 22

1) b 1,4 glycosidic bond
2) Polysaccharide

Question 23

Amylose structure [2]

Answer 23

1) a 1,4 glycosidic bond
2) Polysaccharide

Question 24

Amylopectin structure [2]

Answer 24

1) a 1,4 and a 1,6
2) Polysaccharide

Question 25

2 types of isomers

Answer 25

1) Alpha glucose 2) beta glucose

Question 26

Why is it important that a-glucose and b-glucose are different [2]

Answer 26

1) A-glucose is respiratory (provides energy) 2) B-glucose is structural (Like cellulose etc)

Question 27

Bonds between carbonhydrates

Answer 27

Glycosidic bonds

Question 28

Why is lipid used as an energy storage [3]

Answer 28

1) Doesn't dissolve in water therefore doesn't affect osmotic balance 2) Used for insulation 3) Can hold more energy

Question 29

Bonds in triglyceride and phospholipids

Answer 29

Ester bond

Question 30

Draw the structure of a phospholipid

Answer 30

Question 31

Draw the structure of a triglyceride

Answer 31

Question 32

Explain the structure of a phospholipid [2]

Answer 32

1) Polar head hydrophilic 2) Non-polar tail hydrophobic

Question 33

Draw the peptide bond and label what R is

Answer 33

R is Rest of the molecules, such as methyl group or hydrogen

Question 34

Draw the diagram of a primary protein structure

Answer 34

Question 35

Draw the diagram of a secondary protein structure

Answer 35

Question 36

Draw the diagram of a tertiary protein structure and describe [3]

Answer 36

1) Polypeptide chains 2) Folded extensively into a compact structure

Question 37

Draw the diagram of a quaternary protein structure

Answer 37

Question 38

What gives a protein high tensile strength (Capacity to be stretched)

Answer 38

Hydrogen bonds because they are strong and stable

Question 39

3 Types of bond that hold tertiary protein structure together

Answer 39

Ionic hydrogen Disulfide

Question 40

Give example of protein with tertiary structure

Answer 40

Haemoglobin

Question 41

Explain how triglyercerides form [3]

Answer 41

1) 3 fatty acid combine with glycerol 2) each hydroxyl group of glycerol undergoes a condensation reaction with a fatty acid 3) 3 ester bonds

Question 42

Functions of protein [3]

Answer 42

1) Act as enzyme 2) Allow for passage of water soluble substances 3) Invovled in cell recognition

Question 43

Functions of phospholipids [2]

Answer 43

1) Forms the phospholipid bilayer to control the entry and exit of substances 2) cell signaling

Question 44

Answer 44

A= Phosphate B= Glycerol

Question 45

Answer 45

Secondary structure

Question 46

Bonds in

Answer 46

Hydrogen Sulphur Peptide

Question 47

What type of structure do proteins which act as enzymes possess?

Answer 47

Tertiary structure

Question 48

What type of structure does the globin of haemoglobin possess?

Answer 48

Quaternary

Question 49

what is glycogen made of

Answer 49

Alpha glucose

Question 50

Amylose vs amylopectin

Answer 50

Amylose is linear Amylopectin is branched chains

Question 51

Maltose

Answer 51

Glucose + Glucose

Question 52

Lactose

Answer 52

Glucose + Galactose

Question 53

Sucrose

Answer 53

Glucose + fructose