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A Level Biology > Cell Structure & Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Structure & Organisation Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is an Eukaryotic Cell?

A

A type of cell that contains membrane bound organelles.

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2
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

A type of cell that contains no membrane bound organelles.

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3
Q

What is a Virus?

A

A non living microorganism consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a protective protein called caspid.

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4
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

•Double membrane known as the nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores.
•nucleolus
•The nucleoplasm contains chromatin which condenses into chromosomes.

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

*nucleolus produces ribosomes
*Pores allow for the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
*Chromosomes contain DNA containing a code for protein synthesis.

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6
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

•Double membrane
•Inner membrane known as cristae which provide a large surface area for enymes (stalked particles).
•fluid filled matrix containing circular DNA, enzymes, proteins, lipids and 70s ribosomes.

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7
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

•Phospholipid bilayer with proteins. May also contain glycolipids, glycoproteins and cholesterol.

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8
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

•Produces ATP for aerobic respiration
•Matrix enables some protein synthesis and self replication to take place.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

•Partially permeable membrane which controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell through exocytosis.

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10
Q

What is the structure of the golgi body?

A

•Stack of membrane bound, flattened sacks.
•vesicles

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11
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

*Non membrane bound
*Made of protein and rRNA

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12
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A

•Single membrane bound sac containing cell sap.

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13
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

•Temporary vesicles surrounded by a single membrane and containing digestive enzymes.

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14
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

•Two rings of microtubules positioned at right angles.

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15
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A

•Made of cellulose linked to form microfibrils

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16
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

*Two membranes
*Fluid filled stroma containing lipid droplets, starch grains, circular DNA and 70 ribosomes.
*Flattened sacks called thykloids forming granum.

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17
Q

What is the structure of plasmodesmata?

A

•Strands of cytoplasm which pass through cell wall pores.

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18
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

*Flattened double membrane bound fluid filled sacks called cisternae.
*cisternae covered with ribosomes and often linked to the nuclear envelope.

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19
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

•Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis and transport polypeptides to different parts of the cell.

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20
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

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A

•Flattened double membrane bound fluid filled sacks called cisternae.
•Found dispersed around the cell.

21
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

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A

•synthesis and transport of steriods and lipids.

22
Q

What is the function of the golgi body?

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A

•Packages, modifies and processes proteins and lipids.
•Produces enzymes and lysosomes

23
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

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A

•Site of translation of protein synthesis where mRNA is used to assemble polypeptide chains.

24
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

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A

*Stores waste products
*Can change volume affecting the turgidity of cell, supporting plant tissues.

25
What is the function of lysosomes?
*Destroys worn out organelles. *Releases digestive enzymes outside of the cell. *Destruction of entire cell if damaged or diseased.
26
What is the function of centrioles?
•Forms the spindle shaped structure of protein fibres.
27
What is the function of the cell wall?
•Provides mechanical support to the cell and prevents it from bursting. •Functions in transport.
28
What is the function of chloroplasts?
•Enabling protein synthesis and self replication •Site of photosynthesis
29
What is the function of plasmodesmata?
•Responsible for communication between cells. •Allows for the movement of water via the symplast pathway.
30
What is the structure and function of the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?
•Rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan/murein. •Gives support and maintains cell shape.
31
What is the structure and function of the capsule in a prokaryotic cell?
•Protective jelly layer •Maintains moisture and adhere to surfaces
32
What is the structure and function of plasmids in a prokaryotic cell?
•Circular pieces of DNA that have no histone proteins associated with them and can be passed from one bacteria to another. •No nuclear membrane so DNA lies free in the cytoplasm. •No chromosomes
33
What is the structure and function of the flagellum in a prokaryotic cell?
•Elongated tail like structure •Rotates to move the cell
34
What is the structure and function of pili in a prokaryotic cell?
*Hair like structure *Enables bacterial cells to attach to other bacterial cells
35
What is the structure and function of mesosomes in a prokaryotic cell?
•Inner folding of the cell membrane •Contain enzymes required for cellular respiration.
36
What is the structure and function of the cell membrane in a prokaryotic cell?
•Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins •Embedded proteins can control the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
37
Define organ system
A group of organs that work together to preform a particular function.
38
Define organ
A group of tissues that function together in a unit.
39
Define tissue
A group of specialised cells that function together in a unit.
40
Describe cell theory
The cell theory states that biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life come from preexisting life. For example chloroplasts and mitochondria are believed to originate from prokaryotic cells.
41
What is the structure of epithelial cells?
Cells sit on a basement membrane which is made of collagen and protein. •Cuboidal epithelia-have microvili on the surface and are one cell thick. •Ciliated epithelia- have cilia on the surface and can be cuboidal or columnar. •Squamous epithelia-appear as flattened cells on a basement membrane
42
What is the function of epithelial cells?
*Cuboidal epithelia-Primary functions are secretion or absorption such as glands. (Eg. salivary glands) *Ciliated epithelia-Line tubes were materials are moved. (Eg. trachea, bronchial tubes, oviduct) *Squamous epithelia-Found in the alveoli and also the Bowmans capsule of the nephron (kidney)
43
What is the structure of Striated muscle cells?
*Each muscle are made up of hundred of muscle fibres that appear striped and have numerous nuclei . *Each fibre has numerous slender threads called myofibrils running along its length that are made up of thick and thin protein filaments known as myosin and actin.
44
What is the structure of smooth muscle cells?
•Each muscle fibre is a single cell with a nucleus and cytoplasm, spindle shaped. The cytoplasm contains thread like myofibrils which are responsible for contraction.
45
What is the structure of cardiac muscle cells?
Cells are striated
46
What is the function of muscle cells?
•Striated(skeletal)-Attached to skeleton and allows movement. •Smooth-Found in the walls of the gut, blood vessels, bladder and other tubes/cavities •Cardiac- Only found in the heart and contract rhythmically without stimulation from nerves or hormones
47
What is the structure of connective cells?
Consist of a jelly-like matrix in which several types of cells and protein fibres are embedded. Types of connective tissue includes areolar tissue (basic connective tissue e.g. beneath skin, connecting organs together and filling in the spaces) adipose, elastic (found in ligaments and wall of bladder) and collagen (found in tendons)
48
What is the function of connective cells?
Connects, supports or separates tissues and organs together. Collagen-Flexible but relatively unstretchable

A Level Biology (10 decks)

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