Cell Stuff

Question 1

Endocytosis

Answer 1

The process by which cells engulf extracellular material

Question 2

What organelle is associated with the translation of proteins

Answer 2

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 3

4 tenets of cell theory

Answer 3

1. All living things are composed of cells 2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells 4. Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA. DNA is passed from parent to daughter cell

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

Stores genetic information and is the site of transcription

Question 5

Mitochondria

Answer 5

Involved in ATP production and apoptosis. Powerhouse of cell!

Question 6

Lysosomes

Answer 6

Break down cellular waste products and molecules ingested through endocystosis

Question 7

Rough ER

Answer 7

Synthesizes proteins destined for secretion. Contains ribosomes

Question 8

Smooth ER

Answer 8

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 9

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 9

Packages, modifies, and distributes cellular products

Question 10

Peroxisomes

Answer 10

Breaks down long FA chains, synthesizes lipids, and contributes to Pentose Phosphate pathway

Question 11

Difference between centrioles and flagella

Answer 11

Centrioles consists of 9 triplets of microtubules around a hollow center, while flagella consists of 9 doublets on the outside with 2 microtubules on the inside

Question 12

3 Overarching domains of life?

Answer 12

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 13

Obligate aerobes

Answer 13

Bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

Question 14

Anaerobes

Answer 14

Bacteria that use fermentation or some other form of metabolism that doesn’t require oxygen

Question 15

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 15

Anaerobes that cannot survive in an oxygen containing environment

Question 16

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 16

Can toggle between metabolic processes and use oxygen if present or be anaerobic if no oxygen is present

Question 17

Aerotolerant anaerobies

Answer 17

Unable to use oxygen for metabolism but are not harmed by it’s presence in the environment.

Question 18

Bacterial recombination Transformation

Answer 18

The acquisition of exogenous genetic material that can be integrated into the bacterial genome.

Question 19

Bacterial recombination Conjugation

Answer 19

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a conjugation bridge. Plasmid can be transferred F+ to F- cells or portion of genome can be transferred from Hfr cell to recipient

Question 20

Bacterial recombination Transduction

Answer 20

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

Question 21

Lag phase of growth

Answer 21

Bacteria get used to environment and experience a little growth

Question 22

Exponential phase of bacterial growth

Answer 22

Bacteria use available resources to multiply at an exponential rate

Question 23

Stationary phase of bacterial growth

Answer 23

Bacterial multiplication slows as resources are used up

Question 24

Death phase of bacterial growth

Answer 24

Bacteria die as resources become insufficient to support the colony

Question 25

Phases of the cell cycle

Answer 25

G1, S, G2 and M G1, S and G2 are interphase and M is Mitosis

Question 26

G0 phase

Answer 26

The cell is simply living and carrying out its functions, without any preperation for division

Question 27

G1 stage

Answer 27

Cells create organelles for energy and protein production, while also increasing their size.

Question 28

S phase

Answer 28

The cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies. After replication, each chromosome consists of 2 identical chromatids bound by the centromere

Question 29

G2 stage

Answer 29

Quality control checkpoint The DNA has been duplicated so the cell checks to ensure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for the 2 daughter cells The cell also checks for errors in the daughter cells

Question 30

M stage

Answer 30

Mitosis! Consists of mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 31

Function of p53 protein

Answer 31

The protein that causes the DNA to go into arrest at the restriction point if there is damage to the DNA. It also plays a role in the G2/M checkpoint

Question 32

Mitosis

Answer 32

Process by which 2 identica daughter cells are created from a single cell Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Occurs in somatic cells, or cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction.

Question 33

Prophase

Answer 33

Chromosomes condense and the spindle forms as the centriole pairs are at opposite poles of the cell

Question 34

Metaphase

Answer 34

Centriole pairs still at opposite ends, kinetochore fibers interact and align at the metaphase plate. The chromoses align at the plate equidistant from the 2 poles

Question 35

Anaphase

Answer 35

Centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere, allowing the sister chromatids to seperate. Sister chromatids are pulled toward the opposite poles of cell by the shortening fibers

Question 36

Telophase

Answer 36

Essentially reverse prophase. Spindle dissapears and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosoems. Nucleoli reappear. Each new nuclei receives complete copy of genome identical to the first

Question 37

Cytokinesis

Answer 37

Occurs at end of telophase. The seperation of cytoplasm and organelles, giving each daughter cell enough material to survive on its own.

Question 38

G2 Checkpoint

Answer 38

Checks for cell size and DNA replication

Question 39

Metaphase checkpoint

Answer 39

Checks for chromosome spindle attachment

Question 40

G1 checkpoint

Answer 40

Checks for nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage

Question 41

What happens in Meiosis and with what type of cells does it occur?

Answer 41

Meiosis occurs in gametocytes (germ cells) and resuls in up to 4 nonidentical sex cells (gametes).

Question 42

Meisosis I

Answer 42

Results in homologous chromosomes being seperated, generating haploid daughter cells Known as reductional division

Question 43

Meiosis II

Answer 43

Similar to mitosis in that it results in seperation of sister chromatids without a change in ploidy

Question 44

How are metaphase I from Meiosis and Metaphase from Mitosis different?

Answer 44

In meiosis homologous chromosomes are lined up across from eachother at the metaphase plate and are held by one spindle fiber