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Physiology > Cell To Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell To Cell Communication Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What are target cells

A

Cells that respond to electrical or chemical signals

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2
Q

Electrical signals

A

Changes in a cell’s membrane potential

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3
Q

Chemical signals

A

Molecules secreted by cells into EFC

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4
Q

4 basic methods of cell to cell communication

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. Contact dependent signals
  3. Chemical signals
  4. Combo of electrical and chemical
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5
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells

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6
Q

Contact dependent signals

A

Occur when surface molecules on one cell membrane bind to surface molecules in another cell membrane

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7
Q

Chemical signals

A

Diffuse through ECF to act on cells close by. Transported in blood

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8
Q

What kind of signals pass through gap junctions

A

Electrical and chemical

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9
Q

Example of contact dependent signaling

A
  1. Immune system

2. Growth and development

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10
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Local communication

Chemical that acts on cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell that secreted the signal

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11
Q

Autocrine signal

A

Local communication

Chemical that acts on the cell that secreted it

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12
Q

Examples of local signal molecules

A

Histamine–>paracrine, cytokines, Eicosanoids–>para and auto

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13
Q

What are hormones

A

Long distance
Chemical signals secreted into blood
Distributed by circulation
Communicated by endocrine system

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14
Q

Cytokine

A

1.Communication molecule used in local and long distance signaling

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15
Q

How do cytokines differ from hormones

A
  1. Not produced but specialized cells
  2. Ability to be secreted by any nucleated cell
  3. Made on demand
  4. Intracellular signal pathways different
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16
Q

Why do some cells respond to chemical signals and others do not

A

There must be a receptor for that chemical to respond

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17
Q

4 main categories id membrane receptors

A
  1. Chemically gated (ligand gated) –> receptor channel
  2. G-protein coupled receptor
  3. Receptor enzyme
    4 Interin receptor
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18
Q

Components of basic signal conduction

A

(1st msgr aka ligand is also the) signal molecule–binds to–>receptor protein –activates–>intracellular signal response (2nd messengers relay info, cause a cascade) –alters–>target proteins (and/or causes signal amplification)–create–>response

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19
Q

How does extracellular Ca++ enter the cell

A

Through voltage gated channels, ligand gated mechanically gated

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20
Q

Where and how is Ca++ stored

A

In ER and intracellular compartments

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21
Q

What effects can a calcium spark initiate

A

The altering of protein activity, exocytosis, movement

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22
Q

How can Ca++ bring about an intracellular response

A
  1. Electrical signal opens voltage gated Ca++ channels and causes intracellular stores to release Ca++ into ICF. This alters protein activity, leads to exocytosis, and movement.
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23
Q

What are some effects of nitric oxide signals

A

Relaxes blood vessels, allows brain to act as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator

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24
Q

Why do receptor is exhibit characteristics of specificity, competition, and saturation

A

Receptor are proteins therefore receptor ligand binding exhibit the general protein binding characteristics

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25
Use norepinephrine and epinephrine as examples to describe specificity and competition for membrane receptor is
Both molecules bind to adrenergic receptors. The receptors bind to only these molecules. These molecules compete with each other for binding sites. Alpha isoform has a higher binding affinity for norepinephrine and the beta isoform has a higher affinity for epinephrine
26
What does agonist mean
It is a competing ligand that binds and elicits a response of the primary ligand. An example is birth control pills
27
What does antagonist mean
It is a competing ligand that binds and blocks receptor activity of primary ligand. An example is Zantac
28
What is down regulation
A decrease I receptor numbers. Cells can physically remove receptor is from membrane through endocytosis. This can occur when there is an abnormally high concentration of a signal molecule for a sustained period of time. The target cells attempt to bring their response back to normal by down regulation
29
What is up regulation
When the concentration of ligand decreases, target cells use up regulation to keep normal response by inserting more receptors into the membrane
30
What is the difference between a cellular response and a systemic response
A cellular response takes place in the target cell while a systemic response describes what those specific cellular and tissue events mean to an organism as a whole
31
Describe neural control system (5 key areas)
Specificity: Each neuron terminates on a single target cell or on a limited number of adjacent target cells. Duration: Usually very short. Longer durations are mediated by neuromodulator Signal: Electrical in neuron and then chemical neurotransmitters from cell to cell Coding for stimulus intensity: Signal is a dentical in strength, intensity correlates with increased frequency of signaling Speed: Very rapid
32
Endocrine control systems (5)
Specificity: Most cells of the body are exposed to hormone. The response depends on which cells have receptors for the hormone Duration: Last longer than neural response Nature of signal: Chemical signals secreted into blood for distribution throughout body Coding: Stimulus intensity is correlated with amount of hormone secreted Speed: Distribution of signal and onset of action are much slower than in neural responses
33
``` Which is not a basic method of cell to cell communication A. Cytoplasmic transfer of signals B. Contact dependent signals C. Difused chemical signals D. Nerve and blood transported signals E. Mechanical signals ```
E. Mechanical signals
34
Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal
Those cells lack the necessary receptors
35
What determines the cell's response and allows are particularly ligand to bind
Receptor molecules on the surface of a cell
36
Down regulation may allow a target cell to
Decrease its number of receptors for a ligand
37
2nd messenger molecules directly
Change the regulation of ion channels Increase intracellular calcium concentrations Change enzyme activity Change regulation of gene expression
38
What does an integrating center do
Evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the set point
39
``` Which of the following are considered differences between endocrine and neural control systems A. Specificity B. Nature of the signal C. Speed D. Duration of action ```
All of them
40
Set point
The desire target value for a parameter
41
Integrating center
Receives information about the regulated variable and initiate a response
42
The minimum stimulus to trigger a response
Threshold
43
Effector
The organ or gland that performs the change
44
Continuously monitors its environment for a specific variable
Sensory receptor
45
All molecules secreted by nerve cells are known as
Neurocrine
46
A molecule that binds to a receptor blocking the normal ligand from binding and resulting in the inactivity of a signal pathway
Antagonist
47
What ion is widely important in intracellular signaling
Calcium
48
When calcium becomes available inside a cell it comes from
Intracellular storage
49
Both insulin and glucogon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The response of the target cells to each of these 2 hormones is opposite. The this information implies that
The to hormones bind to different receptors and use a different 2nd messenger
50
Communication in the body requires what two type of signals
Chemical and electrical signals
51
The 2 main categories of communication are
Local and long distance
52
What are the 3 type of signal molecules
Hormones or neurotransmitters or neuro hormones
53
What do signal molecules bind to
Target cells that have receptor proteins
54
Signal molecules are also called
Ligand
55
What does the interaction between the ligand and the receptor trigger
Intracellular events: Where cells get information and relay the information by way of signal transduction pathway
56
What's another name for intracellular signal molecules
2nd messengers
57
What are target protein responses
Activation of existing protein or synthesis of new proteins
58
Where are receptors located
On the cell surface or inside the cell cytoplasm or nucleus
59
When does intracellular relay occur
It occurs after ligand binds with receptors and before cells response.
60
The chain of molecules that relay signals inside a cell are also known as
Intracellular transduction pathways or signal transduction
61
A cell response results from
Protein alteration
62
What are possible cell responses
1. Motor proteins 2. Enzyme activity 3. Membrane receptor and transporters 4. Gene activity and protein synthesis
63
Do Agonist and antagonist have opposite actions on the target cell
Yes
64
Does and Antagonist create a cellular response
No
65
True or false Target response depends on the target receptor. Same message gives 2 different responses
True
66
What are some rules that apply to signaling
1. Different cells respond differently to the same signal molecule 2. Target cell response is determined by the receptor and the signal transduction system 3. There can be more than one ligand for a receptor 4. There can be more than one receptor type for 1 ligand (isoform)
67
Which type of cell communication communicate to with neighbor cell
Autocrine signals and paracrine signals

Physiology (9 decks)

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