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Physiology > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

6 key functions of the renal system

A
  1. Regulation of extra cellular fluid volume and blood pressure
  2. Regulation of osmolarity
  3. Maintenance of ion balance
  4. Homeostatic regulation of PH
  5. Excretion of wastes
  6. Production of hormones
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2
Q

Starting at the kidneys follow a drop of urine to the external and environment

A

Nephron–> Ureter–> urinary bladder–>urethra–> external environment

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3
Q

The medulla a is the _________and the cortex is the _________of the kidney

A

Inner

Outer

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4
Q

What is nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney consisting of one million microscope pick tubules divided into sections containing specialized blood vessels

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5
Q

Approximately how many nephrons are there in one kidney

A

One million

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6
Q

Trace a drop of blood through the nephron from a renal artery to a renal vein

A

Renal artery–> arcuate artery–>afferent arterioles–>glomerulus–> efferent arteriole–>peritubular capillaries aka vasa recta–>venules–>small vein–>renal vein

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7
Q

What urine formation step takes place at the glomerulus

A

Filtration

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8
Q

What are the structures of the Renal tubules

A

Bowman’s capsule, Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule, Collecting duct

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9
Q

Name the 3 processes of the urine formation

A

Filtration, Re absorption, Secretion

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10
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of fluid from blood into the lumen of nephron. Takes place in the Renal corpuscle. Filtration occurs from capillaries of glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule. Filtration is via bulk flow.

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11
Q

Reabsorption

A

The process of moving substances in the filtrate from lumen of tubule back into the blood flowing through Peritubular capillaries. Uses membrane proteins to move molecules across the tubule epithelium.

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12
Q

Secretion

A

Selectively removes molecules from blood and adds them to the filtrate in the tubule lumen. Fluid entering the body’s external environment

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13
Q

How much plasma is filtered per day by the kidneys

A

180 L/day

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14
Q

How much urine leaves the body per day

A

1.5 L/day

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15
Q

Compare a cortical nephron to a juxtamedullary nephron

A

Cortical nephrons are located on the outer layer of the kidney and juxtamedullary nephrons dip down into the medulla or inner layer of the kidney.

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16
Q

What happens to the fluid that does not leave in the urine

A

It returns to circulation

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17
Q

Fluid leaving the Bowman’s capsule is nearly__________ with plasma

A

Isosmotic

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18
Q

At the end of the proximal tubule_____% Of the filtered fluid remains in the tubule. The osmolarity of this fluid is______mOsM. Based on these #s, it is said that the proximal tubule is the primary site for production of ________ urine

A

30% (70% of the volume is reabsorbed)
300
Reabsorption

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19
Q

Fluid leaving the loop of Henle is usually ________ to plasma, so it is said that the loop is a primary site for production of __________ urine

A

Hyposmotic

Dilute

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20
Q

By the end of the collecting duct, the fluid in the tubule has a volume of _______ L/day and an osmolarity that can range from________ to________. Both the volume and the osmolarity of urine depend on the bodies need to conserve or excrete ________ and __________

A

1.5
50 to 1200
Water and solute

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21
Q

What percent of the plasma volume that enters the glomerulus is actually filtered

A

20%

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22
Q

How much of the filtered plasma that enters the glomerulus becomes urine and is excreted

A

<1%

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23
Q

List the layers of the filtration membrane

A

Capillary endothelium, Basement membrane, Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

Capillary endothelium

A

It has fenestrated capillaries with large pores that allow most components of plasma to filter through. The luminal surface of capillary and pores are lined with glyco proteins that are negatively charged to repel negatively charged plasma proteins and prevent blood cells from leaving capillary

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25
Q

Basement membrane

A

A cellular layer of extra cellular matrix that separates that capillary endothelium from epithelium of Bowman’s capsule. It consists of negatively charged glyco proteins, collagen and and other proteins excluding most plasma proteins from the fluid that filters through it

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26
Q

Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

A

Consist of podcytes surrounding each glomerular capillary with their foot processes wraping around capillary and interlacing with one another, and with narrow filtration slits

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27
Q

The driving force for glomerular filtration is

A

Hydrostatic pressure provided by blood pressure

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28
Q

The hydrostatic pressure of blood forces fluid out through

A

Leaky endothelium of capillaries

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29
Q

What is the name of the pressure inside glomerular capillaries that is higher than that of fluid within the Bowman’s capsule

A

Colloid pressure

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30
Q

The hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus is

A

55 mmHg

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31
Q

The HP of the glomerulus creates a force that __________ fluid movement into Bowmans capsule and _________ filtration

A

Enhances

Enhances

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32
Q

The HP of the Bowman space is__________ mmHg. This force __________ fluid movement into the capsule

A

15 mmHg

Opposes

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33
Q

The colloid osmotic pressure of the blood in a glomerulus is __________. This force __________ fluid movement in to the Bowman’s capsule

A

30mmHg

Enhances

34
Q

The net driving force of the glomerulus is pressure of __________. The net direction of fluid movement is from the _________ to the __________

A

10mmHg
Glomerular capillaries
Tubules

35
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate. The volume of fluid that filters and to Bowman’s capsule per unit time (ml/min)

36
Q

An average value for GFR is

A

180 L/day or

125 ml/min

37
Q

What is auto regulation

A

A local control process in which the kidney maintains a relative constant GFR in the face of normal fluctuations in blood pressure. It protects the filtration barriers from high blood pressure that might damage them.

38
Q

What is a myogenic response

A

The intrinsic ability of the vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes

39
Q

What are their 2 mechanisms of auto regulation of blood flow

A
  1. Tubular glomerular response

2. Myogenic response

40
Q

How does the myogenic response work

A
  1. An increase in BP causes stretch receptors to fire
  2. This causes stretch sensitive calcium channels to open and leads to contraction
  3. Vasoconstriction and reduction of flow occurs
  4. This reduces filtration pressure and reduces GFR
  5. But if BP drops too low GFR decreases any way to preserve blood flow
41
Q

What is tubular glomerular response

A
  1. The pressure of the fluid flowing through the ascending loop of Henley effects GFR
  2. The juxtaglomerular complex includes sensory cells, macula densa, and granular cells
  3. The macula densa sense the flow through the tubules and release a paracrine that causes vasoconstriction of the afferent capillary
  4. The granular cells release Reninon to alter NaCl excretion
42
Q

Why is a decrease in GFR when blood pressure falls below normal and adaptive response

A

It Is a way for our body to conserve blood volume

43
Q

How does the ascending limb of the loop of Henle at the distal tubule communicate the with arterioles

A

They contacts each other through the modified regions of the juxtaglomular apparatus. Macula densa release paracrine signaling between nephron and afferent arteriole that influence GFR

44
Q

What role does sodium chloride play in the tubular glomerular response

A

Macula densa cells transport sodium chloride. An increase in salt transport initiate tubuloglomerular feedback

45
Q

What does the abbreviation JG stand for

A

Juxtaglomerular cells aka granular cells

46
Q

The JG cells secrete an enzyme called

A

Renin

47
Q

renin plays a role in

A

Salt and water balance

48
Q

In neural control of GFR ____________ neurons release ___________ onto _____ receptors, causing _______ of renal arterioles

A

Sympathetic
NE
alpha
Vasoconstriction

49
Q

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole will _____________it’s resistance, will ___________hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus and will ___________ GFR

A

Increase
Decrease
Decrease

50
Q

Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will __________ it’s resistance, will ____________ hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus and will __________ GFR

A

Increase
Increase
Increase

51
Q

Hormones that influence arteriole resistance and GFR include

A

Angiotensin–>potent vasoconstrictor

Prostaglandins–>vasodilator

52
Q

How do podocytes and mesangial cells regulate GFR

A

Podocytes change the size of the GF slits. They widen for more SA for filtration and incease GFR.
Mesangial cells influence filtration by altering SA of filtration slits.

53
Q

The bulk reabsorption in the nephron takes place in the

A

Proximal tubule

54
Q

Which ion plays a key role in bulk reabsorption in the proximal tubal

A

Na+

55
Q

List some molecules that are transported using sodium linked secondary active transport

A

Glucose. Ami o acids, other oil organic solutes such as phosphate and sulfate, lactate, citric acid cycle intermediates

56
Q

Is the transport of glucose considered antiport symport

A

Symport

57
Q

List the 3 properties of mediated transport common to all protein ligand interactions

A

Saturation, Specificity, Competition

58
Q

Define saturation

A

The maximum rate of transport that occurs when all available carriers are occupied by a substrate

59
Q

Below saturation point, the rate of transport is proportional to

A

Substrate concentration

60
Q

Should glucose normally be found in the urine

A

No

61
Q

Should protein normally be found in the urine

A

No

62
Q

By what mode of transport is most of secretion accomplished

A

Membrane transport systems

63
Q

How is secretion different from excretion

A

Secretion is the movement of waste from the blood into the filtrate in the lumen.
Secretion is the elimination of everything that is filtered, not absorbed, and secreted

64
Q

Define clearance

A

The rate of removal of a molecule from the body either via excretion or metabolism.
mg/min / mg/ml

65
Q

With which metabolic waste molecule can you use as clearance rate to estimate GFR

A

Creatinine clearance

66
Q

Why is fluid and electrolyte homeostasis important

A

To maintain mass balance. What comes in must be excreted if the body doesn’t need it

67
Q

What are some regulated substance

A

Water, Potassium, Calcium, Hydrogen ion, Bi carbonate,

68
Q

What disturbances can occur if potassium is out of range

A

Cardiac and muscle function by disrupting membrane potential of excitable cells

69
Q

What disturbances can occur if there it is an abnormal range of calcium

A

They can affect exocytosis, muscle contractions, blood clotting and bone formation

70
Q

What are their normal routes of water gain and water loss for the body

A

Water gain through drinking and IV

Lisa is through urine, sweat, feces, exhalation

71
Q

What are some examples pathological water loss

A

Excessive sweating, diarrhea

72
Q

How do epithelial cells of the renal tubule react to osmolarity changes

A

They are constantly exposed to high ECF osmolarity and are able to maintain normal cell volume by synthesizing organic solutes to match ICF to ECF

73
Q

How do erythrocyte react to changes in osmolarity

A

Increased osmolarity can cause cells to shrink and decreased osmolarity can cause cells to swell

74
Q

How do changes in osmolarity affect neurons

A

Decreased osmolarity can cause decreased membrane potential

75
Q

How do the kidneys control urine concentration

A

By varying the amounts of water and sodium reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct

76
Q

To produce dilute urine the kidneys must

A

Excrete Water

77
Q

To produce concentrated urine the kidneys must

A

Read absorb water

78
Q

How do the distal tubule and collecting duct alter the perm ability to water and determined final urine concentration

A

Water pores are added or removed to apical membrane under direction of posterior pituitary’s release of vasopressin. Osmosis also helps draw the water out due to the hyposmotic fluid entering the tubule or out of the less concentrated lumen and into more concentrated ISF of the medulla

79
Q

Is the change in water perm ability absolute or graded and the distal tubule and collecting duct

A

It is graded and depends on the need it is not an all or non phenomenon

80
Q

What stimuli controls vasopressin secretion? which is the most important?

A

increased Plasma osmolarity is the most important, blood volume, BP,

81
Q

Where are the primary osmo receptor located

A

Hypothalamus

82
Q

How do decrease in blood pressure or volume influence vasopressin release

A

This simulates ADH release to conserve water by a reabsorbing more water in kidneys

Physiology (9 decks)

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