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BIOLOGY > Cell Transport Unit 3 > Flashcards

Cell Transport Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical makeup of the plasma membrane?

PPS 4-11

A

A Phospholipid bilayer composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol

Phospholipids are made out of a phosphate head, glycerol, and fatty acid tails

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2
Q

Why is the membrane described as selectively permeable or semipermeable?

A

The cell membrane is selectively-permeable membrane that allows only some substances and molecules to pass into or leave the cell.

All cells are surrounded by a selectively-permeable membrane. This membrane not only surrounds the cellular organelles but also acts as a barrier between the internal and the external environment. A cell membrane that is selectively permeable acts as a boundary or fence of the cell. It allows the molecules to pass through active or passive transport.

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3
Q

What can easily cross the plasma membrane?

PPS 16-24-1

A

Small molecules like H2 and O2

easily and water with the help of transport proteins

Non charged lipid molecules

Small polar molecules like water

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4
Q

How is the passage of passable molecules related to its chemical composition?

PPS 16-24-1

A
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5
Q

What does semipermeable mean?

A

Semipermeable means the allowing of certain substances to pass through it like solvents and some solutes

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6
Q

What is diffusion?

PPS 26, 37-42

A

It is the movement of molecules form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Movement occurs along a concentration gradient

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7
Q

What is osmosis?

PPS 26, 37-42

A

It is the diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane from a region of LOWER solute concentration to a HIGH solute concentration

For osmosis to occur the solute would not be able to pass through the membrane

Important to note*** water moves freely back and forth through semipermeable membrane

3 main types of osmosis:
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic

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8
Q

What is hypotonic and its solute concentration?

PPS 39-42

A

Hypo rhymes with low soooo LOWWWW solute concentration

EXPENDING OF CELL

Swelling

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9
Q

What is hypertonic and its solute concentration?

PPS 39- 42

A

High solute ( salt ) concentration in cell

And low water concentration in cell

Cell shrinking

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10
Q

What is isotonic and its solute concentration?

PPS 39-42

A

Water doesn’t move because the conditions inside and outside are the SAME

STABLE

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11
Q

What is crenation?

PPS 37-47

A

the formation of abnormal cells as a result of water loss through osmosis

hypertonic causes crenation of shell basically for it to prune and shrink

OCCUR IN ANIMAL CELLS

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12
Q

What is turgor pressure?

PPS 37-47

A

the pressure that is exerted by the fluid like water against the cell wall

Expanding to point of bloat due to hypotonic process of tooo much water/fluid

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13
Q

What is lysis?

PPS 37-47

A

the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma membrane

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14
Q

What is plasmolysis?

PPS 37-47

A

OCCUR IN PLANT CELLS

It is defined as the process of contraction or shrinkage of the cell of a plant cell and is caused due to the loss of water in the cell.

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15
Q

What are aquaporins?

PPS 52

A

It is the water transport

It is a hydrophilic channel protein at cell membrane that allows the transfer of water to pass through the membrane

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16
Q

How cell transport work?

A

It is the movement of substances across the cell membrane either into or out of the cell.

Sometimes things just move through the phospholipid bilayer. Other times, substances need the assistance of a protein, like a channel protein or some other transmembrane protein, to cross the cell membrane.

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17
Q

What is diffusion?

PPS 53-

A

Spontaneous movement of a substance from one region to another often with a net movement from a region of high concentration to one of the low concentration

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18
Q

What is facilitated transport?

PPS 53-57

A

It is a type of PASSIVE transport of substances across a membrane with assistance of transmembrane carrier that does not require energy

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19
Q

What is active transport?

PPS 53-57

A

The movement of ions or molecules across a membrane in a single direction often against a gradient

This requires ENERGY usually in form of ATP and transport protein

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20
Q

What is endocytosis?

PPS 53-57

A

When the cells take in substances by vesicle formation in general term for any pinching off of the plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside the cell

More types of endocytosis are:
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis

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21
Q

What is exocytosis?

PPS 53-57

A

When vesicles carry a specific molecule fuses with the membrane to release a substance

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22
Q

How are the previous terms related to anatomy and physiology?

PPS 53-57

A
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23
Q

What are the specific functions which concern the proteins in the membrane?

A

Proteins are used to

TRANSPORT PROTEINS substances from outside cell membrane to pass through to cell

CHANNEL PROTEINS have a hollow core

CARRIER PROTEINS alternate between two shapes moving a solute across the membrane during a shape change

AQUAPORINS allow the transfer of water through membrane

CORECEPTORS are proteins that work with another receptor to transfer
Materials across cell membrane

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24
Q

What are specific diseases that are caused by plasma membrane abnormalities as well as these proteins in the plasma membrane ?

A

Protein malnlutrition

General caloric deprivation

Kwashiorkor

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25
Q

How does the makeup of the plasma membrane concern the study of anatomy/physiology?

Handout :/?

A
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26
Q

What are receptor proteins?

PPS 83

A

It’s role is to bind molecules

They are shaped in a way that a specific molecule came bind to the receptor protein

IT RECEIVES MOLECULES

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27
Q

What are recognition proteins?

PPS 83

A

function to distinguish “self” from foreign cells

28
Q

What are communication proteins?

PPS 83

A

Function is to send and receive signals form cell to cell molecule to molecule

29
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell and its characteristics?

PPS 4-8

A

Domain member of archae and makes up different kinds of bacteria

Not made up of many membrane bound organelles

DOES NOT have a nuclei

CONTAINS:
Nucleoid with DNA
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Flagella
Cell wall????

30
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell and its characteristics?

Read 7.1 and 7.2

PPS 4-8

A

It is a member of the domain eukarya

CONTAIN:
Nucleus
Numerous membrane bound organelles

31
Q

What does a prokaryotic cell have?

Read 7.1 + 7.2 pg 147-149

A

Cell wall

Plasmid

Nucleoid

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Flagella

32
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Flund in eukaryotic cells it is a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that are involved in making the cells shape, and provide structural support of cell

Prokaryotic cells have a similar but much less extensive network of fibers

33
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Contents of a cell bounded by the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus if present

DOES NOT CONTAIN THE NUCLEUS PARTS

34
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that contains nucleus parts

35
Q

What are organelles?

A

Discreet membrane bound compartment within a cell that has a structure and function in a cell

36
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

PPS 26-29

A

A network of interconnected membrane sacs and tubules found inside a cell the synthesizes lipids and proteins that stay in endomembrane system and the plasma membrane

37
Q

What is smooth ER?

PPS 29

A

Portion of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached ribosomes. Involved in synthesizing lipids and removing toxic molecules

38
Q

What is rough ER?

PPS 29

A

Portion of endoplasmic reticulum that is dotted with ribosomes. Involved in synthesizing plasma membrane proteins secreted proteins and proteins localized to ER, Golgi apparatus , and lysosomes

39
Q

What are vesicles?

PPS 49 and 50

A

A membrane enclosed compartment with an aqueous interior that is often used in cells to transport cargo between organelles or to the plasma membrane for secretion

40
Q

What are ribosomes?

PPS 64

A

synthesizes proteins by using the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA

41
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

PPS 3

A

Functions include:

PPD
THE PROCESSING, PACKAGING AND DISTRIBUTION CENTERS of the proteins form the endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

PPS 11-16

A

POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL

produces energy for the cell

Produces ATP

have their own RNA and DNA and ribosomes bales to reproduce theirselves

Similar to bacteria

43
Q

What are Lysosomes?

PPS 20-22

A

Lysosomes is a recycler organelles it recycles cellular material and destroys any nonfunctional organelles and portions of cytoplasm

Low ph

Contains digestive enzymes of a cell that digests cell itself or foreign material for the golgi

44
Q

What is the nucleus?

PPS 30-32

A

Nucleus contain genetic material for the cell used as information storagers and transmission do genes within cell

45
Q

What is the nucleolus?

PPS 37-39

A

It is a dark region chromatin where RNA is produced and where rRNA joins with proteins to form subunits of ribosomes

46
Q

What are the cytoskeleton components?

PPS 45-47

A

Cytoskeleton maintains shape and movement and structural support of a cell

Cytoskeleton consists of:

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

47
Q

What are peroxisomes?

PPS 65-66

A

Peroxisomes are prevalent in cells that are synthesizing and breaking down lipids they also produce and break down H2O2

48
Q

What is the difference between animal and plant cells?

PPS 70

A

Plant cells have cell walls (cellulose), chloroplasts, and one large vacuole with no centrioles but animals do not have this but have centrioles

49
Q

What is the chloroplasts?

PPS 78-79

A

Contains chlorophyll

Area of photosynthesis occurs

Chloroplasts contains cytosol by an envelope consisting of two membranes separated by narrow inter membrane space

50
Q

What is the cell wall?

PPS 87

A

It is a fibrous layer for outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and archae and many eukaryotic plant cells

The cell wall supports and protects a plant

51
Q

What is the vacuole?

PPS 92

A

Vacuole is an area of water and solute and metabolism storage of waste products in a plant cell

52
Q

What are cell junctions?

PPS 97-98

A

The linking of cells (series of proteins) this plays a role in anchoring cells to each other and this often helps with cells to communicate to each other

53
Q

What are tight junction?

PPS 99-102

A

Tight junctions seal cells together to prevent small molecules for leaking across layer of cells.

These junctions form a water tight seal common in cells that are used as a barrier
Like cells that line the stomach

54
Q

What are desmosomes?

PPS 99 103 106

A

ring junctions that attach cells to each other

Desmosomes help resist-shearing of cytoskeleton and cells and make up cytoskeleton

55
Q

What are gap junctions?

PPS 99 103-106

A

A type of cell attachment structure that directly connects the cytosol of adjacent animal cells allowing water,ions, and small molecules in

56
Q

What is phylogeny?

PPS 3

A

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms

57
Q

Describe the 3 main domains of life as well as the super groups

PPS 20-21

A

Domain Archae- consists of unicellular prokaryotes distinguished by cell walls made of certain polysaccharides

Domain Eubacteria- consisting mostly of bacteria forms

Domain Eukaryae- unicellular organisms mostly protists and yeasts and multicellular organisms like fungi, plants, animal distinguished by membrane bound organelles and extensive cytoskeleton

58
Q

How is the organization of protists different today?

PPS 20-21

A

All protists are eukaryotes except for fungi animals and land plants

59
Q

What are viruses?

PPS 26-27

A

A virus is NOT a complete cell that is made out of DNA or RNA genetic material surrounded by protein coat and only reproduces by using its host

60
Q

Why are viruses not included in domain of life?

PPS 26-27

A

It is not considered a complete cell

61
Q

What is cell theory?

PPS 36-39

A
  1. All living organisms are made out of cells
  2. The most basic unit of life is the cell
  3. Cells can only arise form other cells
62
Q

Why are viruses not a form of life?

PPS 36-39

A

A virus is not classified as a complete cell

63
Q

How does the cell theory relate to phylogeny and the study of life?

PPS 36-39

A

Cell theory relates to the tree and study of life because it is proof the living organisms come from another living thing before

64
Q

What is a light microscope? * terms of illumination and resolution

PPS 41-46

A

Use glass to make up lenses

Illumination is by light

65
Q

What is an electron microscope? * terms of resolution and illumination

PPS 41-46

A

Cells that are smaller than 2 microns can be seen in this microscope.

Use electron beams focused in vacuum

Lenses are not glass but electromagnetic

Focused on to fluorescent screen

66
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of outside substances to inside the cell

67
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The ingestion of liquid into a cell by budding of small vesicles from cell membrane

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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