Cell types, organelles - Key Concepts Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is a eukaryote?
An organism made up of eukaryotic cells
Where are eukaryotic cells found?
In plants, animals, fungi and protists
What is a prokaryote?
A prokaryotic cell with no membrane-bound organelles like a nucleus
Prokaryotes are always unicellular
Name a prokaryote
Bacteria
Which is larger: eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells
Name three organelles prokaryotic cells do not contain
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane bound organelles
Describe the function of a cell membrane
The cell membrane separates the cell’s interior from the external environment
It is selectively permeable to control substances moving through it
Define cytoplasm
Jelly-like fluid where most of a cell’s chemical reactions occur containing enzymes to control these reactions
Describe the role of the nucleus
Stores genetic material in the form of chromosomes
Prokaryotic cells may contain plasmids.
Define plasmids and describe their role
Small rings of DNA
Can replicate and move between cells to share genetic information
Describe the role of ribosomes
Synthesise protiens
Name 3 sub-cellular structure that plant cells have but animal cells do not
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
What is a prokaryotic cell?
One which doesn’t have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Membrane bound organelles - nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
Name the 5 main organelles of animal cells
Mitochondria - where respiration takes place to release energy
Cytoplasm - jelly-like susbstance where most chemical reactions occur, contains enzymes
Nucleus - controls cell activity as DNA is stored here
Cell membrane - controls substances entering and leaving the cell
Ribosomes - translation of genetic material in protein synthesis
Are animal cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Are plant cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Name the 8 main organelles of plant cells
Mitochondria - where respiration takes place
Cytoplasm - where most chemical reactions occur, contains enzymes to control these
Nucleus - controls cell activity as DNA is stored here in the form of chromosomes
Cell membrane - controls substances entering and leaving the cell
Rigid cell wall - supports the cell and strengthens it
Ribosomes - where translation of genetic material occurs in protein synthesis
Vacuole - contains cell sap to maintain internal pressure to support the cell
Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll, where photosynthesis occurs
Name the 5 main organelles of bacterial cells
Ribosomes - where translation of genetic material occurs during protein synthesis
Plasmid DNA - loops of DNA (not part of the chromosome) free floating in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm - jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions occur
Flagellum - tail which rotates for movement away from harmful substances (e.g. toxins) and towards beneficial ones (e.g. nutrients or oxygen)
Chromosomal DNA - one long circular chromosome controlling the cell’s activities and replication, it is free-floating in the cytoplasm
They also typically have both a cell membrane and a cell wall (although, unlike plant cells, this cell wall is not made from cellulose)
How is genetic material stored in bacterial cells?
Plasmid DNA - small loops of DNA not included in the chromosome, genes for things like drug resistance
Chromosomal DNA - one long circular chromosome controlling the cell’s activities and replication
Both are free floating in the nucleus as prokaryotes like bacteria don’t have membrane bound organelles
