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Biology > Cell ultrastructure 2.1.1 > Flashcards

Cell ultrastructure 2.1.1 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material which controls the cells activities

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains dissolved nutrients, salts and organelles.
where chemical reactions take place
responsible for the cells shape

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3
Q

Ribosome

A

where protein synthesis occurs

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4
Q

Cell wall

A

Strengthens the cell

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

Solution surrounding organelles
Contains the cytoskeleton
Site of chemical reactions

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6
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Surrounds the cell
Site of chemical reactions
Allows cell-cell signalling

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the code for production of proteins
Contains chromatin and nucleolus

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis
Not surrounded by a membrane

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10
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Membrane bound cisterns covered in ribosomes
Proteins made on the surface enter the lumen and are packaged into transport vesicles

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11
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

Membrane bound cisternae
Site if lipid and carbohydrate production

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Membrane bound cisternae
Proteins are further modified and packaged

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13
Q

Lysosome

A

Vesicle filled with the enzyme lysozyme
Hydrologic digestion of unwanted substances

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration
Surrounded by a double membrane, the inner membrane is folded into cristae and the solution inside is the matrix

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15
Q

Chromatin

A

To compress long DNA molecules into compact dense structures

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16
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis
Surrounded by a double membrane
Contains a membrane system of thylakoids inside the stroma

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17
Q

Permanent Vacuole

A

Allows turgid pressure to build up in plant cells
Contains cell sap
Surrounded by the tonoplast

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18
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

Made of microtubules
Allow cell mobility

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19
Q

Centrioles

A

Found in pairs at each pole of the dividing cell
Attachment point of spindle fibres to pull chromosomes apart

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Filamentous proteins spanning the interior of the cell
Cell movement
Transport within cells
Gives strength, support and shape

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21
Q

Plasmodesma

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A

Allow nutrients and certain minerals to pass between interconnected cells

22
Q

Prokaryotic cells

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A

do not have a nucleus
DNA is in the cytoplasm
Do not have membrane bound organelles
are unicellular

23
Q

components of a Bacterium cell

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A

Cell surface membrane
Pili
Plasmids
flagellum
ribosomes
chromosomal DNA
mesosome
cell wall
capsule

24
Q

5 kingdoms

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A

plant
animal
fungi
protoctista
prokaryotes

25
Organelles
Membrane bound compartments with a specific function which make up the ultrastructure of a cell
26
Microvilli
hugely increase the surface area present in: Kidney tubules Liver hepatocytes small intestine
27
nuclear envelope (double membrane)
encloses the DNA and protects it from cytoplasmic enzymes
28
nuclear pores
Site of entry for regulatory proteins, nucleotides, steroid hormones Exit site for mRNA
29
chromatin
DNA with associated proteins (histones) 2 types: Heterochromatin: darker patches: (gene expression is switched off.) Euchromatin: Lighter patches: (gene expression is switched on.)
30
nucleoplasm
the fluidlike substance in the nucleus of a cell in which the nucleolus and chromatin are suspended.
31
Ribosome sizes
80s in eukaryotes 70s in prokaryotes
32
Ribosome location
Found free in the cytoplasm found on the surface of the RER
33
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of flattened sacs or cisternae originating from outer membrane of nucleus continuous with nuclear envelope The interior of the cisternae is called the lumen
34
polypeptides
a chain of amino acids formed from the ribosome
35
Golgi Apparatus function
Vesicles enter the golgi at the cis face and exit the golgi from the trans face in secretory vesicles ready for secretion out of the cell
36
Production of protein (insulin in this example)
1)mRNA is made in the nucleus for insulin 2)mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore 3)mRNA attaches to a ribosome, on the RER. ribosome reads the instruction to assemble the protein 4)Insulin molecules are 'pinched off' in vesicles and travel to the golgi 5)vesicle fuses with golgi apparatus 6)golgi processes and packages insulin molecule ready for release 7) packaged insulin molecules are 'pinched off' in vesicles from the golgi and move towards the plasma membrane 8)vesicle fuses with plasma membrane 9)plasma membrae opens to release insulin molecules outside
37
aerobic respiration process
1) GLYCOLYSIS- occurs in the cytoplasm 2) link reaction and the krebs cycle- occurs in the matrix 3) Oxidative phosphorylation : electron transport chain and chemiosmosis- occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane
38
Chloroplasts- structure
Thylakoid (flattened sack inside a chloroplast, for the trapping of light energy and the transfer of this into chemical energy forms such as ATP) Granum- a stack of thylakoids Lamella- Stroma- fluid filling up the inner space
39
Photosynthesis process
1) light dependent reactions- light energy is converted to chemical energy which occurs in the thylakioid 2) light independent reactions CO2 is fixed into sugar occurs in the stroma
40
Cellulose cell wall
Exterior to cell, made of cellulose fibres formed i the SER secreted by the golgi Middle lamella is where the walls of adjacent cells meet FUNCTION- mechanicl support and strength
41
Plasmadesmata
small gaps in the cell wall and middle lamellae where the cytoplasm of adjacent cells meet
42
Homohenisation
a process that involves breaking apart cells - releasing organelles and cytoplasm
43
Materials of cell walls
PLANT- cellulose ANIMAL- secreted proteins and polysaccharides FUNGI- chitin BACTERIA- peptidoglycan
44
cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm that provides mechanical support and maintains the cell's shape. The cytoskeleton provides support, motility, and regulation.
45
Microfilaments
Fibres formed from the protein actin. Responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis (the process in which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells)
46
Intermediate fibres
Give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity
46
Microtubules
form a scaffold like structure that determine the shape of a cell. Also act as tracks for the movement of organelles, including vesicles. Spindle fibres which have a role in the physical segregation of chromosomes in cell division are composed of microtubules.
47
Process of protein synthesis (step by step)
RNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pore Proteins synthesised on ribosomes on R.E.R. Pass into cisternae and packaged into vesicles Vesicles move to golgi apparatus using cytoskeleton Vesicles fuse with cis face of golgi (proteins enter) Proteins structurally modified. Leave in vesicles from trans face. Secretory vesicles carry proteins to cell membrane Vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane releasing contents by exocytosis
48
Describe importance of the cytoskeleton in movements of cilia
Cilia/Flagella - 9+2 arrangement 2 central microtubules + 9 pairs Pairs of parallel microtubules slide over one another - beating motion
49

Biology (2 decks)

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