Cell Ultrastructure- Plant Cells And Fungal Cells Flashcards
(20 cards)
Which two structures, found in animal cells, are absent in plant cells?
Lysosomes and centrioles
Lysosomes are found in animal and fungal cells. Centrioles are only found in animal cells.
What structures are unique to plant cells?
Cellulose cell wall, plasmodesmata, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole.
Describe the general structure of the plant cell wall.
The plant cell wall is made of cellulose microfibrils, which are made of many long chains, crosslinked to each other via hydrogen bonds.
Why is cellulose good for making plant cell walls?
It has high tensile strength because:
* 1, 4 glycosidic bonds hold the beta glucose molecules in long, straight chains, making it fibrous.
* Adjacent long chains are held in place by cross-links formed by hydrogen bonds.
Describe the primary cell wall.
The primary cell wall is a loose arrangement of microfibrils oriented in random directions, allowing expansion as the cell grows.
Describe the secondary cell wall.
The secondary cell wall consists of additional layers of cellulose microfibrils, forming a lattice arrangement that gives great tensile strength.
What is the middle lamella?
The middle lamella cements or glues adjacent plant cells together via their cell walls and is made mainly of pectin and calcium pectate.
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides support to the cell by forming a fairly rigid structure and providing turgor pressure
The cell wall is crucial for maintaining cell shape and integrity.
What term describes the fact the cell wall plays no role in determining what substances enter or leave a cell?
Fully permeable
This means that the cell wall does not regulate the movement of substances.
What are plasmodesmata?
Strands of cytoplasm that connect neighbouring plant cells via gaps in the cell walls
Plasmodesmata allow for communication and transport of materials between plant cells.
Describe the structure of a chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are bound by a double membrane/envelope and contain a stroma within which is a system of membranes (thylakoids) containing chlorophyll molecules. The membranes are stacked to form grana
Chloroplasts are essential for photosynthesis in plant cells.
What are the adaptations of palisade mesophyll cells for maximum light absorption?
Numerous chloroplasts, grana with many layers of thylakoids, many grana in each chloroplast, starch grains, and lipid droplets
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, and their structure enhances light absorption efficiency.
What structures store the products of photosynthesis inside the chloroplast?
Starch grains and lipid droplets
These structures are essential for storing energy produced during photosynthesis.
What is the role of the large vacuole within the cytoplasm?
•Storage of ions and water
•Plays an important role in the development of turgor for support
The vacuole helps maintain cell turgor and plays a role in cellular homeostasis.
What are the features of fungal cells?
•They are made from long elongated threads called hyphae
•They have cell walls made from chitin
•They have a vacuole
•They are often multinucleate
•Glycogen is their carbohydrate source
•They contain lysosomes
How are fungal cells similar to plant cells?
Fungal cells and plant cells are similar in that both have a cell wall and a vacuole.
How are fungal cells similar to animal cells?
Fungal cells and animal cells are similar in that both contain glycogen and lysosomes.
Neither have chloroplasts as neither one photosynthesise
Fungal cells, unlike animal cells, have a cell wall made of chitin.
What features are unique to fungal cells?
Unique features of fungal cells include:
* Cell wall made of chitin
* Often multinucleate
These features distinguish fungal cells from both plant and animal cells.
What are the different storage carbohydrates in eukaryote cells?
The different storage carbohydrates in eukaryote cells include:
* Starch in plant cells
* Glycogen in animal and fungal cells
Glycogen serves as the carbohydrate store for fungal cells.
