Cell/Vascular Path

Question 1

Neutrophil signaling

Answer 1

C5a, IL-8, LTB4, bacterial products

Question 2

Pain mediators

Answer 2

Bradykinin, PGE-2

Question 3

Fever mediators

Answer 3

IL-1, TNF-a, thromboxane, IL-6, PGE-2

Question 4

Opsonins

Answer 4

C3b and IgG

Question 5

Angiogenesis mediators

Answer 5

VEGF and b-FGF

Question 6

Cicatrization

Answer 6

Type III collagen initially in scar formation, after 2 months it becomes Type I collagen

Question 7

Stains for fats

Answer 7

Sudan Black, Oil red O, Osmium Tetraoxide

Question 8

Stain for muscle

Answer 8

Desmin

Question 9

Stain for mucin

Answer 9

PAS

Question 10

Stain for mesenchyme (CT)

Answer 10

Vimentin

Question 11

Stain for neuroendocrine cells

Answer 11

Chromogranin

Question 12

Trichrome Stain

Answer 12

Stains collagen

Question 13

Pyknosis

Answer 13

in apoptosis, condensation of nucleus

Question 14

Karyorexis

Answer 14

In apoptosis, fragmentation of nucleus

Question 15

Karyolysis

Answer 15

in necrosis, chromatin dissolves

Question 16

Intrinsic Apoptosis

Answer 16

BCL-2 and BCL-X are anti-apoptotic and keep cytochrome c in mitochondria, to prevent activation of caspases (BAX and BAK are pro-apoptotic and release cytochrome c from mitochondria)

Question 17

Extrinsic Apoptosis

Answer 17

FAS-L binds FAS receptor on cell surface, TNF-a binds on cell membrane, CD8+ cell binds to cell membrane releasing granzymes which release caspasess

Question 18

Gout

Answer 18

Defect in purine degradation pathway (HGPRT def), needle-like crystals, negatively birefringent w/ polarized light

Question 19

B2 Amyloid

Answer 19

Alzheimer’s

Question 20

AL Amyloid

Answer 20

Aka amyloid light chain, from Ig light chain, “Bence Jones” proteins seen in urine - caused by multiple myeloma

Question 21

AA Amyloid

Answer 21

Chronic inflammatory AA from precursor SAA - caused by RA, SLE, Crohn’s

Question 22

B-2 Microglobulin

Answer 22

ESRD w/ chronic dialysis

Question 23

Congo Red Stain

Answer 23

Stains amyloid salmon pink

Question 24

Amyloid w/ polarized light

Answer 24

Apple green

Question 25

Is amyloid intracellular or extracellular?

Answer 25

Extracellular ALWAYS | Will cause hypertrophy of organ initially then atrophy bc it compresses vasculature leading to necrosis and atrophy

Question 26

Lines of Zahn

Answer 26

Seen in thrombus, pale staining strip of fibrin/platelets then darker staining strip of RBCs (only in arteries)

Question 27

CO Poisoning

Answer 27

Affects globus pallidus | Investigation: carboxyHb levels

Question 28

Complication of Diphtheria?

Answer 28

Myocarditis

Question 29

Components of embolus

Answer 29

Cholesterol clefts with cholesterol crystals, foamy macrophages, and debris (pale staining cuz fats)

Question 30

Giant cells

Answer 30

Nuclei arranged in horseshoe shape