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Human biology one > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cell theories

A

1) cells are the smallest unit of life

2) all organisms are either unicellular or multicellular

3) cells arise from other cells either by mitosis or meiosis

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2
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane

A

1) lipids

2) proteins

3) carbohydrates

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3
Q

What is the function of phospholipids in the membrane

A

They construct the lipid bilayer with their polar (hydrophilic) heads and non-polar (hydrophobic) tail, they allow small and lipid-soluble molecules to enter the cell while restricting others (impermeable membrane)

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4
Q

What is the function and structure of proteins in the membrane

A

1) integral proteins (transmembrane or only half of it)

  • transport (channels & carriers)
  • enzymes
  • receptors

2) peripheral proteins (attached to either proteins or the phospholipids)

  • enzymes
  • mechanical functions
  • linking cells together
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5
Q

What is the structure & function of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

A

1) glycolipid (carbohydrates attached to lipids)

2) glycoproteins (carbohydrates attached to proteins

3) glycocalyx (fuzzy extensions of the glycolipid, glycoproteins)

They are the cell identity used to indicate which cells go where during development and marker proteins to distinguish between a friend & a foe cell

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6
Q

What are the three types of solutions

A

1) isotonic

2) hypertonic

3) hypotonic

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7
Q

What are the types of passive membrane transport

A

1) simple diffusion

2) facilitated diffusion

3) osmosis

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8
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

Diffusion of substances down their concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration using kinetic energy of the atoms
(Lipid soluble substances, oxygen, carbon dioxide)

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9
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of substances along their concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration using the kinetic energy of the molecule through a protein channel (leakage, gated & non-gated) or carriers (glucose, Na, k)

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10
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down their concentration gradient through aquaporins (water protein channels)

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11
Q

What are the types of active membrane transport

A

1) primary active transport

2) secondary active transport

3) phagocytosis

4) pinocytosis

5) receptor mediated endocytosis

6) exocytosis

7) vesicular tafficking

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12
Q

What is primary active transport

A

Transport of substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against their concentration gradients using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP (Na, K, Ca+2, H+) involving a pump protein (Na-K pump)

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13
Q

What is secondary active transport

A

Transport of substances from high to low either by symporters or anti-transporters using energy from the concentration gradient created by the primary active transport mechanism (movement of charged solutes, amino acids, Ca+2, H+, glucose)

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14
Q

What are the types of vesicular transport

A

1) endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated-endocytosis)

2) vesicular trafficking

3) exocytosis

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15
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Engulfing a large particle by forming a pseudopod around it and enclosing it within a membranous sac called a phagosome, which combines with a lysosome for digestion. Which has receptors capable of binding to microorganisms or solid particles. (Dead cells, bacteria, viruses)

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16
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

nonspecffic process as the cell gulps a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles for absorption (occurs in kidney and intestine)

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17
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Extracellular substances bind to specific receptor proteins, enabling the cell to ingest and concentrate specific substances in protein-coated vesicles, which may be released inside the cell or digested in a lysosome (hormones, cholesterol, iron, & macromolecules)

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18
Q

What is vesicular trafficking

A

It is the transport mechanism between the organelles of the cell where the proteins are inside a vesicle and transport intracellularly, between (ex: ER AND GOLGI APPARATUS)

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19
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Secretion or ejection of substancesfrom a cell, where the substance is enclosed in a membranous
vesicle, which fuses with the plasma membrane and ruptures, releasing the substance to the
exterior (neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, etc)

Vsnares binds to the Tsnares of the plasma membrane opening a pore and releasing its contents

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20
Q

What are the cell organelles

A

1) mitochondria

2) ribosomes

3) rough endoplasmic reticulum

4) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

5) Golgi apparatus

6) peroxisomes

7) lysosomes

8) microtubules

9) intermediate filaments

10) microfilaments

11) centrioles

12) inclusions

13) nucleus

14) cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is the function and structure of mitochondria

A

Rodlike, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae, Site of ATPsynthesis; (powerhouse of the cell)

22
Q

What is the function and structure of ribosomes

A

consists of two subunits, which are composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. Free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (site of protein synthesis)

23
Q

What is the function and structure of rER

A

Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the cistern, and coiling through the cytoplasm.
Externally studded with ribosomes.

1) Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the cisterns

2) proteins are bound to vesicles to be transported to the Golgi apparatus and other sites.

3) External face synthesizes phospholipids.

24
Q

What is the function and structure of sER

A

Membranoussystem of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes

1) site of lipid and steroid synthesis

2) lipid metabolism

3) detoxification of drugs

4) calcium storage

25
Q

What is the function and structure of Golgi apparatus

A

A stack of flattened membranes, close to the nucleus Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, incorporation into the plasma membrane and for exocytosis Modifies carbohydrates on proteins.

26
Q

What is the function and structure of the nucleus

A

Largest organelle. Surrounded by
the nuclear envelope, contains fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin, Control center of the cell, responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing the instructions for protein synthesis.

27
Q

What is the function and structure of peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs containing catalase and oxidase enzymes, The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances. The catalase enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

28
Q

What is the function and structure of lysosomes

A

Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases, site of intracellular digestion

29
Q

What is the function and structure of intermediate filaments

A

Protein fibers composed of tetramer 4 protein like ropes resist mechanical stress and composes desmosome

30
Q

What are the cell junctions and their functions and structure

A

1) tight junctions (impermeable junction) prevents substances from leaking composed of interlocking proteins (zipper) found in epithelial tissue

2) desmosomes (anchoring junctions) resists mechanical stress composed of intermediate (keratin) filaments, plaque, and linker proteins (Velcro, cadherins) found in sling and heart muscle

3) gap junctions (communicating junctions) composed of channel proteins (connexons) allows the passage of ions for communication between cells in heart, smooth muscle, and embryonic skeleton

31
Q

What are the types of cytoskeleton

A

1) micro filaments

2) intermediate filaments

3) microtubules

32
Q

What is the function and structure of micro filaments

A

Fine filaments composed of actin proteins, Involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form the cell’s cytoskeleton.

33
Q

What is the function and structure of microtubules

A

Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins, Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles, cilia and flagella.

34
Q

What is the function and structure of centrioles

A

Paired cylindrical bodies, composed of nine triplets of microtubules. organize the microtubule network. During mitosis (cell division), form the spindle and asters. As basal bodies, form the bases of cilia and flagella.

35
Q

What are the process of mitosis

A

1) prophase

2) metaphase

3) anaphase

4) telophase

36
Q

What happens in prophase

A

1) chromatin is transferred into chromatids

2) centrioles made of microtubules forms the mitotic spindle (asters)

3) the mitotic spindle attaches to the centromeres on the chromosomes

4) the nuclear envelop break down

37
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

1) kinetochores shorten pulling the chromosomes apart

2) the non-kinetochore spindle lengthens and pushes the cells away from each other

3) cytokinesis begins in this phase as the cleavage furrow starts forming

38
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

1) The chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell (metaphase plate)

2) enzymes which separates the chromosomes are activated

39
Q

What happens in telophase

A

1) when the chromosomes are separated and has stopped moving

2) chromosomes uncoils and return to their chromatin form

3) the nuclear envelop re-appears

4) the nucleoli re-appears

40
Q

What happens in cytokineses

A

cleavage furrow (which synthesis was started in anaphase) composed of actin filaments (microfilaments) cleaves the cells cytoplasm into two daughter cells

41
Q

What are the process of protein synthesis

A

1) transcription

2) translation

42
Q

What happens in transcription

A

1) initiation

Binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter region (AUG)

2) elongation

Separation of the DNA strands copying the DNA code on an pre-mRNA and rewinding the DNA back together

3) termination

When the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA) it detaches from the DNA and the pre-mRNA is further processed removing the introns and connecting the exons together

43
Q

What happens in translation

A

mRNA - proteins

1) initiation

Translation is initiated as four components combine (1. Large ribosomal subunit, 2. Small ribosomal subunit, 3. mRNA, 4. tRNA with its amino acid

2) elongation

A) codon recognition the tRNA will carry the anticodon read by the ribosome calling for the appropriate amino acid

B) the growing polypeptide will transfer from the tRNA in the P site to the tRNA in the A site

C) the ribosome made of (rRNA) will move one codon to the front and the tRNA in the P site will exit the ribosome through the E site and the process repeats

3) termination

As the ribosomes encounter a stop a release factor will bind to the ribosome instead of the tRNA which will detach the ribosome from the mRNA and the protein synthesis is complete

44
Q

What is transcytosis

A

The process of transporting a material into, through and out of the cell

45
Q

What are sodium-potassium pump

A

A type of primary active transport protein pump removing 3 Na molecules from the inside of the cell to the outside via the hydrolysis of ATP and transporting two potassium molecules into the cell reconfirming its size as the ADP bound of the protein

46
Q

What are G proteins

A

It is a relay of process which involves a ligand (chemical messenger) binding to receptor protein in the plasma membrane causing it to change its shape which binds to a G protein removing the old GDP from it and binding a GTP to it hydrolyzing energy which in turn activates or inactivates effector proteins by causing it shape to change this protein can catalyze reactions producing a second messenger which can activate other enzymes or ions

47
Q

What are dynein arms

A

Motor protein responsible for the movement of the cilia and flagellum

48
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Directed by the signal recognition particle (SRP) it gives the ribosome bounded to the mRNA to the rER where the SRP binds to a receptor site growing a poly peptide clipping of the SRP by an enzyme adding sugar groups to the polypeptide then bounding it by a protein cited vesicle to be transported to the Golgi apparatus via vesicular trafficking mechanism, where it modifies and packages and segregates the proteins transporting then to the (plasma membrane, lysosomes, outside the cell)

49
Q

What are the start and stop codon?

A

1) AUG

1) UAG

2) UGA

3) UAA

50
Q

What is the role of CAM’s

A

Human biology one (2 decks)

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