Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human biology one > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the skin layers?

A

1) Epidermis

2) Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

1) stratum corneum

2) lucidim

3) stratum granulosum

4) stratum spinosum

5) stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

1) papillary layer

2) reticular dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

From what is the subcutaneous layer formed and what are its functions?

A

Adipose tissue

Absorbs tension, provides fuel, insulates against heat loss, attached the dermis to the underlaying fascia, protective layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of tissue composes the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in the stratum basale?

A

It is one layer of stem cells that are mitotically active replacing the lost cells of the stratum corneum due to abrasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens in the stratum spinosum?

A

Dendritic cells are most abundant, pre-keratin filaments which resists tension and forms desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in the stratum granulosum?

A

Keratinization occurs, organelles begins to disintegrate and cells begins accumulation keratohyaline granules (glue for keratin) and lamellar granules (water resisting glycolipid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where can we find stratum lucidim?

A

Found only in thick skin (soles of feet, palms and finger tips)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in the stratum corneum?

A

Cells are anucleate, its keratin are formed due to (keratohyaline granules + pre-keratin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis and their functions?

A

Keratinocytes = cells of the epidermis produces keratin

Melanocytes = found in the stratum basale produces melanin

Dendritic cells (langherens) = immune cells can initiate an immune response

Tactile epithelial cells (merkel cells) = sensory cells found in the epidermis on the ending of the nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of connective tissue is the reticular dermis composed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of connective tissue is the papillary dermis composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blueness/cyanosis is due to?

A

Deoxygenated blood may indicate respiratory or cardiovascular problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pallor or blanching is due to?

A

Emotional stress, low blood pressure, anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Redness/erythema is due to?

A

Fever infection inflammation embarrassment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Yellowness is due to?

A

(jaundice) inability of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood cause in yellow discoloration of the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Red/purple/green/yellow marks are due to?

A

Damaged blood vessels causing the blood to leak into the surrounding tissues maybe be used by forensic doctors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A brown or black necklace is due to?

A

Due to insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What color does Hemoglobin cause on the skin?

A

Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of melanin in skin color determination?

A

Melanin made from tyrosine (tyrosinase enzymes) only found in the deeper layers of the epidermis skin color determination is due to the kind and amount of melanin produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What color changes does carotene cause?

A

Yellow to orange found in the stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the types of skin cancer?

A

1) basal cell carcinoma

2) squamous cells carcinoma

3) melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma? (Add color of pigment)

A

It affects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum layer

25
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma?

A

It affects the keratinocytes of the basale layer, most common low malignant

26
Q

What is melanoma?

A

Cancer of the melanocytes highly metastatic most deaths

27
Q

How to treat a burn patient?

A

1) replace the lost fluid

2) extra food calories through iV

3) registering antibiotics

4) skin graft

28
Q

What are considered as a critical burn?

A

25% 2nd degree burn

10% 3rd degree burn

3rd degree burn on the face hands or feet

29
Q

What is the difference between partial thickness and full thickness burn?

A

Partial thickness burns are first and second degree burns, involving the epidermis only in 1st degree and the upper region of the dermis in 2nd degree burns, while full-thickness burns are 3rd degree burns involving the entire thickness of the skin

30
Q

What are the skin appendages?

A

Nails, hair, hair follicle, sweat (sudoriferous) gland (ecccrine, apocrine (ceruminous & mammary glands)) oil( (sebaceous) gland

31
Q

What are the types of hair?

A

1) villus

2) terminal

32
Q

How does gray hair grows?

A

As the melanin pigments reduces and bubble forms in the medulla hair color changes to grey

33
Q

What is the structure of a hair?

A

Medulla

Cortex

Cuticle

34
Q

What is the structure of a hair follicle?

A

Peripheral connective tissue sheath

Glassy membrane

External epithelial root sheath

Internal epithelial root sheath

35
Q

What type of keratin is found on the skin?

A

Soft keratin

36
Q

What is the structure of a nail?

A

Free edge

Hyponychium

Nail plate

Nail bed

Lateral nail fold

Lunula

Eponychium

Proximal nail fold

Nail root

Nail matrix

37
Q

Sebaceous glands are what type of glands and what mode of secretion do they have?

A

They are oil gland and they secrete their accumulated sebum via Holocrine method

38
Q

Apocrine glands are what type of glands and what mode of secretion do they have?

A

They are sweat glands secreting their substances via exocytosis (Merrocrine)

39
Q

Eccrine glands are what type of glands and what mode of secretion do they have?

A

They are sweat glands secreting their substances via exocytosis (Merrocrine)

40
Q

What are the functions of sweat glands?

A

Regulate body temperature

Bactericidal function

Getting rid of excess water

41
Q

What is the composition of sweat?

A

99% water, urea, uric acid, sodium chloride, ammonia

42
Q

List all of the Functions of skin (the integumentary system)

A

1) physical barrier

2) chemical barrier

3) biological barrier

4) temperature regulation

5) excretion

6) metabolism

7) cutaneous sensation

8) blood reservoir

43
Q

What are the types of Apocrine glands?

A

1) Ceruminous

2) mammary glands

44
Q

Describe the rule of nine and the body percentages

A

1) 9% for head

2) 36% for trunk

3) 1% perineum

4) 18% for anterior and posterior parts of both hands

5) 36% for anterior and posterior parts of both legs

45
Q

What is impetigo?

A

Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Caused by staphylococcus infection, it is contagious, and common in
school-age children.

46
Q

What are cleavage lines and what causes them?

A

Separation between collagen fibers in the reticular dermis

47
Q

What are flexure lines and what causes them?

A

Dermal fold which occurs at or near a joint Where the dermis is closely attached to the underlying structures since the skin cannot slide easily to accommodate movement

48
Q

What are friction ridges and what causes them?

A

Dermal papilla (which contains capillary loops, free nerve endings (tactile corpuscles/meissner corpuscles) + dermal ridges = epidermal ridges = friction ridges (finger print due to sweat duct openings)

49
Q

What causes baldness and hair thinning? (Telegenic effluvium)

A

1) genetics

2) shock to the circulatory system (surgery, crash, etc)

3) insufficient protein in the diet

4) low thyroid hormone levels

5) drugs (antidepressants, chemotherapy drugs)

50
Q

Yellow nails indicate?

A

Respiratory or thyroid gland disorder (usually due to a fungus infecting the nail)

51
Q

Spoon nails (koilonychia) is due to?

A

Due to deficiency in iron

52
Q

What causes seborrhea?

A

Over active sebaceous glands in infants it causes cradle cap

53
Q

What is the vernix caseosa?

A

White cheesy substance produced by the Sebaceous gland to protect the fetus from the amniotic fluid

54
Q

What is acne?

A

active inflammation of the sebaceous glands accompanied by “pimples” (cysts), whiteheads, or
blackheads on the skin.

55
Q

How does the skin act as a physical barrier?

A

The continuity of the skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells, water resistant glycolipids blocks most of the water and water-soluble substance entry

56
Q

How does the skin acts as a chemical barrier?

A

Skin secretion and melanin

1) acid mantle the low pH of the secretion retards the bacterial multiplication

2) dermcidin in sweat bactericidal substances in sebum kills many bacteria

3) defensins natural antibiotics that the skin secretes which punch holes through the bacteria

4) cathelicidins released by injured skin cells prevents the infection from group A streptococcus

5) melanin provides chemical barrier to us radiation

57
Q

How does the skin act as a biological barrier?

A

1) dendrtic cells

2) dermal macrophages

58
Q

What are the cutaneous sensory receptors cells? (Add what they sense)

A

1) tactile (meissner) corpuscles

2) lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles

3) hair follicle reeptors

4) free nerve endings

59
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the skin?

A

1) conversion of vitamin D

2) disarming cancer causing chemicals

3) activating steroid hormones

Human biology one (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions