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Human biology one > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What are the skin layers?

A

1) Epidermis

2) Dermis

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2
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

1) stratum corneum

2) lucidim

3) stratum granulosum

4) stratum spinosum

5) stratum basale

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3
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

1) papillary layer

2) reticular dermis

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4
Q

From what is the subcutaneous layer formed and what are its functions?

A

Adipose tissue

Absorbs tension, provides fuel, insulates against heat loss, attached the dermis to the underlaying fascia, protective layer.

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5
Q

What type of tissue composes the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What happens in the stratum basale?

A

It is one layer of stem cells that are mitotically active replacing the lost cells of the stratum corneum due to abrasion

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7
Q

What happens in the stratum spinosum?

A

Dendritic cells are most abundant, pre-keratin filaments which resists tension and forms desmosomes

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8
Q

What happens in the stratum granulosum?

A

Keratinization occurs, organelles begins to disintegrate and cells begins accumulation keratohyaline granules (glue for keratin) and lamellar granules (water resisting glycolipid)

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9
Q

Where can we find stratum lucidim?

A

Found only in thick skin (soles of feet, palms and finger tips)

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10
Q

What happens in the stratum corneum?

A

Cells are anucleate, its keratin are formed due to (keratohyaline granules + pre-keratin)

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11
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis and their functions?

A

Keratinocytes = cells of the epidermis produces keratin

Melanocytes = found in the stratum basale produces melanin

Dendritic cells (langherens) = immune cells can initiate an immune response

Tactile epithelial cells (merkel cells) = sensory cells found in the epidermis on the ending of the nerve fibers

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12
Q

What type of connective tissue is the reticular dermis composed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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13
Q

What type of connective tissue is the papillary dermis composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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14
Q

Blueness/cyanosis is due to?

A

Deoxygenated blood may indicate respiratory or cardiovascular problems

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15
Q

Pallor or blanching is due to?

A

Emotional stress, low blood pressure, anemia

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16
Q

Redness/erythema is due to?

A

Fever infection inflammation embarrassment

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17
Q

Yellowness is due to?

A

(jaundice) inability of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood cause in yellow discoloration of the sclera

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18
Q

Red/purple/green/yellow marks are due to?

A

Damaged blood vessels causing the blood to leak into the surrounding tissues maybe be used by forensic doctors

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19
Q

A brown or black necklace is due to?

A

Due to insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels

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20
Q

What color does Hemoglobin cause on the skin?

A

Red

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21
Q

What is the role of melanin in skin color determination?

A

Melanin made from tyrosine (tyrosinase enzymes) only found in the deeper layers of the epidermis skin color determination is due to the kind and amount of melanin produced

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22
Q

What color changes does carotene cause?

A

Yellow to orange found in the stratum corneum

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23
Q

What are the types of skin cancer?

A

1) basal cell carcinoma

2) squamous cells carcinoma

3) melanoma

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24
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma? (Add color of pigment)

Study These Flashcards
A

It affects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum layer

25
What is basal cell carcinoma?
It affects the keratinocytes of the basale layer, most common low malignant
26
What is melanoma?
Cancer of the melanocytes highly metastatic most deaths
27
How to treat a burn patient?
1) replace the lost fluid 2) extra food calories through iV 3) registering antibiotics 4) skin graft
28
What are considered as a critical burn?
25% 2nd degree burn 10% 3rd degree burn 3rd degree burn on the face hands or feet
29
What is the difference between partial thickness and full thickness burn?
Partial thickness burns are first and second degree burns, involving the epidermis only in 1st degree and the upper region of the dermis in 2nd degree burns, while full-thickness burns are 3rd degree burns involving the entire thickness of the skin
30
What are the skin appendages?
Nails, hair, hair follicle, sweat (sudoriferous) gland (ecccrine, apocrine (ceruminous & mammary glands)) oil( (sebaceous) gland
31
What are the types of hair?
1) villus 2) terminal
32
How does gray hair grows?
As the melanin pigments reduces and bubble forms in the medulla hair color changes to grey
33
What is the structure of a hair?
Medulla Cortex Cuticle
34
What is the structure of a hair follicle?
Peripheral connective tissue sheath Glassy membrane External epithelial root sheath Internal epithelial root sheath
35
What type of keratin is found on the skin?
Soft keratin
36
What is the structure of a nail?
Free edge Hyponychium Nail plate Nail bed Lateral nail fold Lunula Eponychium Proximal nail fold Nail root Nail matrix
37
Sebaceous glands are what type of glands and what mode of secretion do they have?
They are oil gland and they secrete their accumulated sebum via Holocrine method
38
Apocrine glands are what type of glands and what mode of secretion do they have?
They are sweat glands secreting their substances via exocytosis (Merrocrine)
39
Eccrine glands are what type of glands and what mode of secretion do they have?
They are sweat glands secreting their substances via exocytosis (Merrocrine)
40
What are the functions of sweat glands?
Regulate body temperature Bactericidal function Getting rid of excess water
41
What is the composition of sweat?
99% water, urea, uric acid, sodium chloride, ammonia
42
List all of the Functions of skin (the integumentary system)
1) physical barrier 2) chemical barrier 3) biological barrier 4) temperature regulation 5) excretion 6) metabolism 7) cutaneous sensation 8) blood reservoir
43
What are the types of Apocrine glands?
1) Ceruminous 2) mammary glands
44
Describe the rule of nine and the body percentages
1) 9% for head 2) 36% for trunk 3) 1% perineum 4) 18% for anterior and posterior parts of both hands 5) 36% for anterior and posterior parts of both legs
45
What is impetigo?
Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Caused by staphylococcus infection, it is contagious, and common in school-age children.
46
What are cleavage lines and what causes them?
Separation between collagen fibers in the reticular dermis
47
What are flexure lines and what causes them?
Dermal fold which occurs at or near a joint Where the dermis is closely attached to the underlying structures since the skin cannot slide easily to accommodate movement
48
What are friction ridges and what causes them?
Dermal papilla (which contains capillary loops, free nerve endings (tactile corpuscles/meissner corpuscles) + dermal ridges = epidermal ridges = friction ridges (finger print due to sweat duct openings)
49
What causes baldness and hair thinning? (Telegenic effluvium)
1) genetics 2) shock to the circulatory system (surgery, crash, etc) 3) insufficient protein in the diet 4) low thyroid hormone levels 5) drugs (antidepressants, chemotherapy drugs)
50
Yellow nails indicate?
Respiratory or thyroid gland disorder (usually due to a fungus infecting the nail)
51
Spoon nails (koilonychia) is due to?
Due to deficiency in iron
52
What causes seborrhea?
Over active sebaceous glands in infants it causes cradle cap
53
What is the vernix caseosa?
White cheesy substance produced by the Sebaceous gland to protect the fetus from the amniotic fluid
54
What is acne?
active inflammation of the sebaceous glands accompanied by "pimples" (cysts), whiteheads, or blackheads on the skin.
55
How does the skin act as a physical barrier?
The continuity of the skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells, water resistant glycolipids blocks most of the water and water-soluble substance entry
56
How does the skin acts as a chemical barrier?
Skin secretion and melanin 1) acid mantle the low pH of the secretion retards the bacterial multiplication 2) dermcidin in sweat bactericidal substances in sebum kills many bacteria 3) defensins natural antibiotics that the skin secretes which punch holes through the bacteria 4) cathelicidins released by injured skin cells prevents the infection from group A streptococcus 5) melanin provides chemical barrier to us radiation
57
How does the skin act as a biological barrier?
1) dendrtic cells 2) dermal macrophages
58
What are the cutaneous sensory receptors cells? (Add what they sense)
1) tactile (meissner) corpuscles 2) lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles 3) hair follicle reeptors 4) free nerve endings
59
What are the metabolic functions of the skin?
1) conversion of vitamin D 2) disarming cancer causing chemicals 3) activating steroid hormones

Human biology one (2 decks)

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