Cells

Question 1

Mitosis

Answer 1

When one cell becomes 2 cells

Question 2

St 1 of mitosis

Answer 2

Interphase
G1: Growth 1, growth of the cell-> get big & gather resources
S: Synthesis, replicating of DNA
G2: Growth 2, create extra organelles
Interphase is the longest stage

Question 3

St 2 of mitosis

Answer 3

Prophase
-DNA winds up into chromosomes
-Nucleus begins to break down
-centrioles go to the poles
-chromosome forms

Question 4

St 3 of mitosis

Answer 4

Metaphase
-centrioles are at the poles
-chromosomes line up along the middle
-centrioles send spindle fibres to connect chromosomes before getting pulled apart

Question 5

St 4 of mitosis

Answer 5

Anaphase
-centrioles pull apart the chromosomes into their sister chromatids
-everything needed for a full cell is in each half of the current cell

Question 6

St 5 of mitosis

Answer 6

Telophase
-chromatids unwind back into DNA strands
-centrioles are done their job
-nucleus begins to form again
-cell begins to pinch at the middle (necking)

Question 7

St 5 mitosis pt 2

Answer 7

-telophase part 2 called citokynesis
-nucleus is fully formed
-DNA unravels
-cellular membrane cleaves apart
-plant cells build a wall in the middle
-plant cells have no centrioles
-mitosis is now complete

Question 8

Type 1 of cell reproduction

Answer 8

Asexual reproduction
-single parent cell becomes 2 identical daughter cells

Question 9

Type 2 for cell reproduction

Answer 9

Sexual reproduction
-two parent cells (gametes) coming together to create a new cell (zygote)

Question 10

Reason 2 for production

Answer 10

Repair:
Ex. Skin cells are constantly exposed and need to be replaced

Question 11

Reason 3 for reproduction

Answer 11

Growth:
A cell grows by taking nutrients in, moving them to where they’re needed and building itself out of them. The movement is called diffusion

Question 12

Diffusion

Answer 12

The natural movement of particles through a fluid as the particles go from an area of high concentration to low concentration. A cell will spit into two smaller parts to allow the travel of nutrients to be faster since diffusion is slow. The smaller the cell, the more efficient and quick things can move inside it.

Question 13

Nuclear control

Answer 13

Cells do not have language but instead signals called messenger compounds
The nucleus is signalled when a development checkpoint has been reached and will not divide until all checkpoints are reached
If a cell is not dividing correctly the nucleus has the power to destroy the cell

Question 14

Apoptosis

Answer 14

Self destruction of a cell
When a cell is found to be faulty by the nucleus will undergo apoptosis

Question 15

Cancer

Answer 15

-When fast replicating cells develop copying errors
-apoptosis can be faulty and this causes faulty cells to stop self destructing
-they replicate rapidly and create clusters called tumours

Question 16

Benign tumours

Answer 16

Cluster of cells that doesn’t cause harm and exists without harm in the body

Question 17

Malignant tumours

Answer 17

The cluster of cells is negatively affecting organs, tissues and other cells around it
-Tumours break move and spread

Question 18

Cellular differentiation

Answer 18

When a cells form or function changes to become a more specific type of cell to preform one task
Ex. White blood cell-> Neutrophil

Question 19

How does specialization occur?

Answer 19

A stem cell can become many cells
An embryo thats 1-4 days old has totipotent stem cells
They can turn into the embryonic cells & the cells of the placenta
After day 4 the cells are either placenta or fetus
The embryonic are pluripotent meaning they can become any kind of cell in the human body

Question 20

Levels of organization

Answer 20

1. Organelles
   2.cells
   3.tissues
   4.organs
   5.organ system
   6.organism (life)