Cells

Question 1

Cellular respiration

Answer 1

The breakdown of organic molecules (such as fat carbohydrates) which make up proteins to produce energy. (preferred source of pathway= glucose)

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

The smallest unit of life which completes all MRS GREN functions.

Question 2

Organelle

Answer 2

A specialised membrane enclosed structure within a cell to perform certain task(s).

Question 3

Mitochondria

Answer 3

Cell organelle located in cytoplasm responsible for aerobic respiration and ATP recycling.

Question 4

Plasma Membrane

Answer 4

Cell outer membrane made from a phospholipid bi-layer and proteins which defines shape, controls internal environment and enables transport in / out.

Question 5

Chloroplast

Answer 5

Plant cell organelle containing chlorophyll where photosynthesis reactions occur.

Question 6

Ribosome

Answer 6

Small structure located in cytoplasm or on Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) where proteins are synthesised / built.

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

Gel substance filling cells which suspends all organelles, and where all non-organelle specific processes occur (e.g anaerobic respiration).

Question 8

Cell Wall

Answer 8

Rigid outer structure of plant cells, made of cellulose and provides support.

Question 9

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 9

Enzyme controlled process within Mitochondria organelles using Oxygen to release and convert energy from glucose for the purpose of recycling many ATP molecules. Waste products are easily removed.

Question 10

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 10

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

Question 11

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 11

Process in the cell cytoplasm to release and convert energy from Glucose without Oxygen. Does not recycle many ATP molecules, and produces additional waste products which must be metabolized in other processes.

Question 12

Photosynthesis

Answer 12

Enzyme controlled process within Chloroplast organelles using sunlight (UV) energy to break apart H2O and recombine H+ with CO2 into Glucose, and Oxygen.

Question 13

Photosynthesis

Answer 13

6CO2 + 6H2O –(UV/ chlorophyll)–> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 14

Limiting Factor

Answer 14

An environmental factor found in low supply which causes a reduction in the rate of reaction of a life process.

Question 15

Denature

Answer 15

To alter the shape of a protein / enzyme by breaking the bonds holding it together, making it unable to carry out its function.

Question 16

Passive Transport

Answer 16

The movement of ions or molecules across a membrane from a region of high concentration towards low concentration which does not require additional energy.

Question 17

Active Transport

Answer 17

The movement of ions or molecules across a membrane from low towards higher concentration which does require additional energy and is assisted by proteins / enzymes.

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

The passive, and random, movements of particles and molecules from an area of high concentration towards low until an equilibrium is reached.

Question 19

Osmosis

Answer 19

The passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration towards low through a facilitating protein.

Question 20

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 20

Diffusion with the assistance or a carrier protein which does not require net additional energy.

Question 21

Cytosis

Answer 21

Active transport of greater amounts of substances through engulfment by a membrane and formation of vesicles to be released on the other side.

Question 22

Tonicity

Answer 22

A comparison of solute/solvent concentrations between fluids on either side of a membrane.

Question 23

Hypertonic

Answer 23

Having a higher solute concentration than solvent.
[solute] > [solvent]

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

Having equal solute and solvent concentrations. [solute] = [solvent]

Question 25

Hypotonic

Answer 25

Having a lower solute concentration than solvent. [solute] < [solvent]

Question 26

DNA

Answer 26

A self-replicating molecule which is the main part of chromosomes and carries the full genetic code information.

Question 27

Nucleotide

Answer 27

The basic monomer building block of nucleic acid molecules (DNA & RNA) made of nitrogenous base (A-T/U, G-C), a phosphate group, and a sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose).

Question 28

Base

Answer 28

Functional component of a nucleotide, and code component of genetic information.

Question 29

Protein

Answer 29

Long chain of amino acids folded and bound in a specific shape to perform a particular biological task.

Question 30

Enzyme

Answer 30

A class of proteins which act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions.

Question 31

Catalyst

Answer 31

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction by reducing activation energy requirements and/or improving reactant alignment, without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. A single catalyst molecule can be reused in many repeats of the reaction.

Question 32

Active site

Answer 32

A region on an enzyme that binds to a specific target substrate to perform its catalyst function.

Question 33

Mitosis

Answer 33

A type of cell division that produces 2 daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes, and genetic information, as the parent cell.

Question 33

Substrate

Answer 33

A molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

Question 34

DNA Replication

Answer 34

The semi-conservative process of producing genetically identical copies of chromosomes using the original DNA as templates for the new.

Question 35

Cell cycle

Answer 35

Growth -> DNA Replication -> Mitosis -> Cytokinesis -> Growth->...

Question 36

Semi-Conservative

Answer 36

Replicated DNA has 1 side original nucleotides and the other side is newly constructed.

Question 37

Anti-Parallel

Answer 37

Two sides of DNA run 5' -> 3' in opposing directions.

Question 38

Leading Strand

Answer 38

Replicated side of DNA built 5' -> 3' following the splitting enzyme in a continuous process.

Question 39

Lagging Strand

Answer 39

Replicated side of DNA built 5' -> 3' away from the splitting enzyme in a discontinuous process of segments.

Question 40

Okazaki Fragment

Answer 40

Sections of DNA replicated against the lagging strand which need to be joined together in later steps.