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Molecules and Cells > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

a semi permeable barrier between the cytoplasm and the external environment

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2
Q

how does the plasma membrane communicate

A

through receptors on the cell surface

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3
Q

what does the structure of the plasma membrane include

A

a lipid bilayer, cholesterol and proteins

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4
Q

what is involved in the lipid bilayer

A

phospholipids, which create a fluic mosaic

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5
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid

A

a polar head and two non polar tails

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6
Q

what does cholestrol provide in the plasma membrane

A

it provides membrane integrity, prevents lysis

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7
Q

where is cholesterol found in the plasma membrane

A

it is embedded in the inner layer

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8
Q

what are proteins in the plasma membrane

A

these are gateways that allow certain molecules in and out

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9
Q

what is the hierarchy of cells in relation to the building blocks of life

A

cells
tissues
organs
organ systems

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10
Q

what underpins many disease processes

A

disturbances in cell function

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11
Q

what do all cell types possess

A
  • cell membrane
  • DNA
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
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12
Q

what are the main elements of prokaryotic cells

A
  • small
  • relatively simple internal structure, with no internal membrane bound structures or organelles
  • include bacteria and their close relatives
  • no true nucleus
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13
Q

what are the main elements of eukaryotic cells

A
  • larger
  • more complex
  • found in higher animals and plants
  • nucleus
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14
Q

does the plasma retain most organically produced chemicals inside the cell

A

yes

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15
Q

how does the plasma membrane allow a few molecules to cross

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
  • active transport
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16
Q

what is an example of cell membrane pathologies

A

haemoglobinopathies

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17
Q

describe haemoglobinopathies

A
  • cause sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia
  • both hereditary and characterised by defects in haemoglobin
  • alterations in the organisation of the lipid bilayer phospholipids leads to a decrease in red blood cell life span and also makes them less efficient at being replaced
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18
Q

what does an alteration in the organisation of the lipid bilayer phospholipidsin red blood cells lead to

A

a decrease in red blood cell life span

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19
Q

what are sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemi both characterised by

A

defects in haemoglobin

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20
Q

what is thalassaemia

A

this is the name for a group of inherited conditions that affect a substance in the blood called haemoglobin. people with thalassaemia produce either no or too little haemoglobin

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21
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia

A

a genetic disease where the red blood cells take up the shape of a crescent or a “sickle” whcih allows them to be more easily destroyed. this leads to a decrease in transportation of oxygen around the body, leading to anaemia.
haemoglobin A, or hbA is the primary haemoglobin that is affected in sickle cell anaemia, and is made up of two alpha globin and beta globin chains. the beta globin chains can end up misshapen due to a mutation in the beta globin gene and this is what leads to sickle cell anaemia.

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22
Q

in which cell types can you find a nucleus

A

eukaryotic only

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23
Q

what is the nucleus the location of

A

most of the different types of nucleic acid

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24
Q

where is DNA largely restricted to

A

the nucleus

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25
Q

what kind of structure does the nucleus have

A

a double membrane structure - known as the nucleur envelope. consists of an inner membrane and an outer membrane, with a space called the perinuclear space in between

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26
Q

where is RNA formed

A

in the nucleus

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27
Q

what is the nuclear envelope

A

the double membrane structure of the nuclear membrane

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28
Q

why does the nucleus have a nuclear envelope

A

it allows RNA and other chemicals to pass, but not DNA

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29
Q

where are ribosomes constructed

A

in the nucleolus

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30
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

the “brain” of the nucleus. a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus that has a primary function of producing and assembling the cell’s ribosomes

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31
Q

why are there pores on the nuclear envelope

A

to regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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32
Q

what is the nuclear lamina

A

a dense fibrillar network inside the nucleus
provides mechanical support
regulates DNA replication and cell division

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33
Q

which cell types are ribosomes found in

A

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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34
Q

are ribosomes the same size in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

no, they are slightly larger in eukaryotic cells

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35
Q

what is the structure of a ribosome

A

they have a small and a larger subunit. during translation, the two subunits come together around the mRNA molecule, forming a complete ribosome

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36
Q

what is the main role of ribosomes

A

to facilitate protien translation

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37
Q

what is the difference between the large and the small subunit of ribosomes

A

small = mRNA binds and is decoded
large = where amino acids are added

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38
Q

what are the three sits on the larger subunits of ribosomes

A

P - peptidyl-tRNA binding site
E - exit site
A - aminoacyl tRNA binding site

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39
Q

what are the pathologies that can occur in ribosomes

A

ribosomopathies

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40
Q

describe ribosomopathies

A
  • these were pathologies that originally were though to be fatal
  • due to defects in ribosome synthesis
  • links to Treacher Collins Syndrome
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41
Q

what is treacher collins syndrome

A

caused by ribosomopathies, characterised by abnormal craniofacial development

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42
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

a mesh of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis and transport

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43
Q

where does the rough endoplasmic reticulum connect

A

the nuclear envelope - mRNA is converted to peptide and is passed onto the rough ER

44
Q

what is the key function of RER

A

protein modification and production

45
Q

what does the RER produce

A
  • lyosomal enzymes
  • secreted proteins
  • integral membrane proteins
46
Q

why is correct folding of the RER important

A

for its function

47
Q

what is the predominant function of the SER

A

manufacture of lipids

48
Q

are lipids more abundant in some cells than others

A

yes

49
Q

what is the specialised function of the SER in the liver

A

breaking glycogen down into glucose

50
Q

what is the specialised function of the SER In the adrenal cortex

A

steroid hormone production

51
Q

what is the specialised function of the SER in muscle cells

A

calcium storage - contraction of muscle cells is triggered by the release of calcium ions

52
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

a type of SER found in muscle cells

53
Q

what is another role of the SER aside from manufacturing lipids

A

detoxifying a number of organic chemicals and converting them to safer, water soluble products

54
Q

what is an example of when the SER is a detox stop

A

in hepatocytes, the smooth ER can double its surface area within a few days, and returns to its normal size once the assault has subsided - this is why we feel hungover

55
Q

what are hepatocytes

A

liver cells

56
Q

what can endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction lead to

A

defective folding and processing of proteins, which can play a role in numerous neurodegenerative disorders such as alzheimers, parkinsons and epilepsy

57
Q

what is ER dysfunction associated with

A
  • alzheimers
  • parkinsons
  • epilepsy
  • ageing
58
Q

why is aging associated with ER dysfunction

A

oxidative stress

59
Q

which proteins move from the ER to golgi apparatus

A

only the correctly folded ones

60
Q

how do proteins move from the ER to golgi

A

transport vesicles

61
Q

what are the roles of the golgi apparatus

A

modify, package and store proteins

62
Q

how do proteins leave the golgi apparatus

A

vesicles

63
Q

where do proteins go after leaving the golgi apparatus

A

the required site, or they are exported out of the cell

64
Q

what does impaired trafficking of proteins through the golgi apparatus lead to

A

a defect in trafficking of proteins that are important in making myelin which causes hypomyelinating disorders

65
Q

what is an example of a hypomyelinating disorder

A

cataracts

66
Q

what does myelin do

A

it insulates nerve fibres and promotes signalling

67
Q

what do impairments in post translational modification capacity lead to

A
  • defective glycosylation disorders
  • a wide spectrum of pathologies that affect multiple organs
68
Q

what are glycosylation disorders

A

errors of metabolism in which the glycosylation of a variety of tissue proteins and lipids is deficient or defective - lead to malfunction of organ systems

69
Q

what is glycosylation

A

controlled enzymatic modification of a protein - post translational modification

70
Q

what causes muscular dystrophy

A

lost functionality of the golgi apparatus due to mutations in proteins that make up the golgi apparatus

71
Q

what are vacuoles

A

single membrane organelles that are part of the outside, located within the cell

72
Q

what are vacuoles used as

A

storage areas

73
Q

what are vacuoles formed by

A

fusion of numerous vesicles

74
Q

what are vesicles

A

smaller than vacuoles, and function in transport within and to the outside of the cell

75
Q

what are lyosomes

A

large vesicles that are formed by the golgi apparatus

76
Q

where are lysosomes formed

A

golgi apparatus

77
Q

what do lysosomes contain

A

hydrolytic enzymes capable of destroying the cell

78
Q

what do lysosome contents function in

A

the breakdown of extracellular materials

79
Q

what do mitochondria contain

A

their own DNA

80
Q

what do mitochondria function as sites of

A

energy release and ATP formation

81
Q

what are mitochondria bounded by

A

two membranes

82
Q

what are the two membranes of mitochondria

A

the outer membrane is smooth and sieve like
the inner membrane is folded into cristae

83
Q

what occurs on the cristae within mitochondria

A

generation of ATP, which is highly selective

84
Q

what can cause mitochondrial dysfunction

A

mutations in mtDNA

85
Q

what is mitochondrial dysfunction associated with - not a causation

A

alzheimers
parkinsons
huntingtons
diabetes
cardiovascular disease
stroke
autoimmune disease - sjogrens syndrome
cancer

86
Q

what is sjogrens syndrome

A

a chronic autoimmune disease affecting salivary glands and tear glands

87
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

the material between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope

88
Q

is the cytoplasm static

A

no

89
Q

what does the cytoplasm facilitate

A

the transport of material around the cell

90
Q

what is cytoplasmic streaming

A

the transport of materials around the cell through the cytoplasm

91
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

the fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

92
Q

what does the cytoskeleton do

A

maintain the shape of the cell
anchor organelles
move cell
control the internal movement of organelles

93
Q

what do microfilaments do

A

maintaining cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming and cell division

94
Q

what do intermediate filaments do

A

maintain cell shape, anchor nucleus and make up nuclear lamina

95
Q

what are microfilaments made up of

A

actin monomers

96
Q

what are intermediate filaments made up of

A

fibrous subunits

97
Q

what are microtubules made up of

A

tubulin

98
Q

what are microtubules involved in

A

cell motility, chromosome movement and organelle movement

99
Q

what are cilia and flagella involved in

A

cell movement, and direct the flow of substances along tracts

100
Q

what are cilia and flagella

A

microtubules

101
Q

what is cell motility

A

the ability of a cell or organism to move of its own accord by expending energy - or the movement of components within the cell

102
Q

what is endocytosis

A

how cells eat and drink, by wrapping their membranes around substances from the outside

103
Q

what is exocytosis

A

when the contents of the vacuole are released to the exterior of the cell

104
Q

what are the subcomponents of the nucleus

A

chromatin, chromosomes, and nucleolus

105
Q

what are the subcomponents of ribosomes

A

nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum

106
Q

what are the subcomponents of the golgi apparatus

A

cis, mid, trans - cisternae vesicles

107
Q

what are the subcomponents of mitochondria

A

the cristae and the matrix

Molecules and Cells (13 decks)

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