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cells :) Flashcards

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1
Q

where can we see prokaryotic cells and how complex are they?

A

seen in bacteria and archaea
very simple build-up

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2
Q

what are 2 main types of cells?

A

prokaryotic
eukaryotic

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3
Q

where can we see eukaryotic cells and how complex are they?

A

seen in organisms like animals, plants, fungi and protists
very complex build-up

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4
Q

what’s the most important difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

the presence of membrane bound organelles and organized DNA molecules in eukaryotes and the lack of either in prokaryotes

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5
Q

describe what an organelle is

A

they are membrane bound structures that serve a specific purpose in the cells operation

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6
Q

where is the plasma membrane?

A

around the structure of the cell

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7
Q

what is the plasma membrane made out of?

A

a phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

what the role of the protein attached molecules in the plasma membrane?

A

act as regulatory or sensory structures

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9
Q

what is the structure of the plasma membrane and how is it after referred as?

A

a fluid structure
often described as : fluid-mosaic structure

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10
Q

what’s the main purpose of the plasma membrane?

A

to contain the cells cytoplasm, organelles and regulate what enters and exits the cell.

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11
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

the ares that contains all other cell organelle except the nucleus.

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12
Q

what’s the membrane that contains the nucleus called ?

A

nucleoplasm

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13
Q

how would you describe the texture of the cytoplasm and what is it made of?

A

gelatinous substance made up of cytosol and is 80% water

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14
Q

what’s the use of the cytoplasm?

A

suspend the organelles
acts as a medium in which molecules and organelles can be transported
maintain the structure of the cell

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15
Q

What does the nucleus function as within the cell

A

It functions as the command center

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16
Q

What is the nucleus and where is it located?

A

Large organelle located near the center of the cell

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17
Q

What’s enclosed within the nucleus?

A

The DNA ( condensed as chromatin ) that contains the genetic info to all the cell’s processes

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18
Q

What’s the external membrane of the nucleus called?

A

The nuclear envelope

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19
Q

Where are nuclear pores located?

A

On the nuclear envelope ( external membrane of the nucleus)

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20
Q

What’s the function of nuclear pores?

A

To allow entry and exit to molecules from and to the nucleus

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21
Q

What is a structure within the nucleus?

A

neucleous

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22
Q

what’s the use of the neucleous?

A

production ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
the assembling of the 2 ribosomal subunits

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23
Q

expand the word SER

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum and where is attached to?

A

a branching organelle attached to the exterior of the nucleus.

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25
what is the ER made out of?
folded tunnel spaces called citernae
26
what are the tunnel like spaces in the ER's used for?
as a transport system for the molecules produced within the organelle
27
how do u identify the RER from the SER?
by the ribosomes that are studded
28
what does the SER produce?
lipids and steroids.
29
what is the purpose of ribosomes?
producing the proteins required for the cell
30
what are ribosomes made out of?
rRNA and protein
31
what does the protein in the ribosomes do?
act as the site where protein synthesis occur
32
where do u find the ribosomes?
studded in the RER and freely in the cytoplasm
33
polysomes?
groups of ribosomes making the same protein
34
Golgi apparatus, aka?
Golgi body
35
what's the use of the Golgi apparatus?
acts as a packaging plant of of the cell. it takes molecules form the ER's and alter/package them for distribution inside and outside the cell.
36
what are the packaged molecules bound by?
by a membrane called vesicle
37
what's the membrane composition of the Golgi apparatus similar to?
the cell membrane, which allows fusion.
38
similarities between the Golgi apparatus and the ER's?
similar shape contain folds called cisternae
39
structure of vesicles?
small membrane bound sacks composed of phospholipid bilayer
40
what are vesicles used for?
to store and move the molecules within and towards the outside of the cell
41
4 types of vesicular structures?
vacuoles lysosomes transport vesicles secretory vesicles
42
what is the function of vocules?
contain and store molecules (usually water)
43
what is the function of lysosomes?
contain digestive enzymes used in the breaking down of molecules
44
what is the function of secretary vesicles?
contain materials that needs to be excreted from the cell.
45
what's use of the mitochondria?
create energy within the cell
46
how does the mitochondria create energy? and using what?
by cellular respiration using oxygen and glucose to create ate, water and carbon dioxide as a waste product ( reverse of photosynthesis)
47
the mitochondria has _ layers of membrane. and the folded inner area is called_.
2 cristae
48
does mitochondria has the same DNA as the rest of the cell?
no
49
are all organelles bound in membrane?
yes
50
what is the cell membrane described as?
fluid mosaic
51
why is the cell membrane described as fluid mosaic?
fluid - cuz individual proteins and phospholipids can drift laterally mosaic - cuz it has different proteins and other molecules that could be seen to resemble a mosaic
52
what's the largest part of the bi-layer?
phospholipids
53
what is a glyco lipid similar to? and what's the single difference?
a phospholipid it has a carbohydrate chain attached to the polar head
54
what are glycoproteins?
proteins that have a carbohydrate chain bonded to them
55
describe what cholesterol is, it's percentage in an average animal cell membrane and it's use.
a steroid that makes up to 30% of the animal cell restrain movements of the phospholipids and hinders close packing
56
what are membrane proteins?
a general term for the other proteins that perform various functions needed for cell activity.
57
what are the five types of cells you would find in the cellular membrane?
phospholipids glycolipids glycoproteins cholesterol membrane proteins
58
what acts as identification tags in cells?
the carbohydrates attached to the glycolipids and glycoproteins
59
4 functions membrane proteins perform? ( be specific)
cell recognition- using carbohydrate chains transport - channel and carrier proteins allowing molecules or ions to move across the bi-layer reception- binds to molecules according to their shape and the binding acts as a signal enzymatic activity - catazyles a specific reaction
60
how does cell recognition work?
using carbohydrate chains
61
membrane proteins that act as receptors (explain )
binds to molecules according to their shape and the binding acts as a signal
62
membrane proteins that transport (explain)
carrier and channel proteins allowing molecules or ions to move across the bi-layer
63
membrane proteins that allow enzymatic activity (explain )
catalyzes a specific reaction
64
most important function of the cell membrane
movement of molecules and ions through it
65
2 types of movement across membrane
passive ( no energy needed ) active ( requires energy)
66
3 types of passive transport?
diffusion osmosis facilitated transport
67
is diffusion fast or slow and how can we increase it's rate?
slow by increasing temperature and/or pressure
68
diffusion usually occur with what type of molecules?
lipids soluble molecules gases alchohol
69
what is osmosis?
water moving across the membrane
70
what's aqua-porous?
permeable ares of the membrane that are protein specific for water during osmosis
71
what is facilitated transport?
molecules that are transported across the membrane with the help of proteins ( usually cuz it's too big)
72
2 types of facilitated transport proteins
channel carrier
73
channel proteins act as a channel for _, like ___.
ions sodium, potassium, chlorine
74
Can channel proteins open and close?
yes
75
carrier vs channel proteins
transport specific molecules transport ions
76
carrier proteins usually transport?
fructose glucose galactose nucleotides amino acids
77
do carrier proteins use ATP?
no, cuz they are passive transport
78
why does active transport need energy and what is that energy?
cuz it goes against the concentration gradient ATP
79
what types of molecules use active transport ?
large molecules
80
what happens in endocytosis?
the cell membrane formed a vesicle around the materials it wants to take in and merges with the vesicle.
81
phagocytosis, explain
the process by which large materials like other cells are take inside the cell by forming a vesicle around it. visible at lower magnification
82
pinocytosis, explain
large molecules are taken into the cell by forming a vesicle around it. visible at higher magnification
83
receptor mediated endocytosis, explain
receptors at the surface are triggered by a specific molecule to form vesicle around the said molecules.
84
which cells perform exocytosis?
hormones and digestive fluids
85
3 types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis
86
ATP is produced in the body through?
Bio-chemical reactions
87
the formula for ATP production (simplified) ?
sugar and oxygen form water, ATP and CO2
88
3 stages by which we produce energy?
glycolysis Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorilation
89
Krebs cycles is a.k.a?
citric acid cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle
90
C6H12O6?
glucose the carbohydrate when creating energy
91
C3H403?
Pyruvate glucose after it's been cleaved in 2
92
NADH?
nicotinamide adenine di-neucleotide a co enzyme that acts as an electron carrier
93
FADH?
Flavin adenine di-neucleotide a co enzyme that acts as an electron carrier
94
where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytosol of the cell
95
what happen during glycolysis?
convert glucose molecules into pyruvate to produce 2 ATP molecules
96
which of the 3 forms of energy production is anaerobic?
glycolysis
97
what does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP molecules NADH
98
NADH is the reduced form of_
NADH+
99
NADH will be used mostly during which stage of energy production?
oxidative phosphorylation
100
Pyruvate is the _ form of _
oxidized form of acetyl
101
when will acetyl be mostly used in?
during the Krebs cycle
102
where does Krebs cycle take place?
within the mitochondria
103
what happens to Pyruvate during Krebs cycle?
pyruvate turn into many intermediates before eventually forming CO2 and H2O
104
what happens to NADH+ AND FADH+?
hydrogen is used to reduce them so they'll carry electrons during oxidative phosphorylation
105
what does Krebs cycle produce?
ATP NADH FADH2
106
what's the final stage of of cellular respiration?
oxidative phosphorylation
107
what are the 2 sub stages during oxidative phosphorylation?
electron transport chain stage Chemiosmosis
108
what's the matrix membrane of the mitochondria?
the innermost membrane
109
what does the oxidative phosphorylation use during electron transport chain stage to generate energy?
the proteins embedded within the matrix membrane of the mitochondria
110
what happens during electron transport chain stage ?
NADH and FADH2 carry electrons in a downhill manner where it ensured that the new stage is more electronegative than the last this energy is used to pump hydrogen outside of the matrix to create a proton gradient, where concentration os higher outside the matrix than inside
111
what happens during chemiosmosis?
the hydrogen ions naturally move from their new place of high concentration to low concentration inside the matrix. to do that, they have to go through a channel protein called "ATP synthase"
112
How dips ATP synthase create energy?
it acts as a turbine that is powered by the [assing hydrogen ions. as it "turns" it generates large amounts of ATP (32)
113
the final amount of ATP created through cellular respiration is around?
36 - 40
114
What is metabolism?
the sum of all chemical activities occurring inside a living cell.

cell unit (6 decks)

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