Digestive system

Question 1

2 components in digestion and describe them briefly

Answer 1

mechanical ( broken down using physical forces)
chemicals( broken down using chemical reactions )

Question 1

what’s the purpose go the digestive system?

Answer 1

supply the body with raw materials needed to grow, and maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

where does digestion begin?

Answer 2

in the mouth

Question 3

what is the mouth bound by and what do those allow you to do?

Answer 3

bound by cheeks and lips which allow expansion and sealing while food is being consumed

Question 4

what kind(s) of digestion occur inside the mouth?

Answer 4

mechanical - chewing
chemical - salivary amylase

Question 5

chewed is aka?

Answer 5

masticated

Question 6

the food ball we create after chewing is called?

Answer 6

bolus

Question 7

what’s responsible for the movement of food inside the mouth?

Answer 7

tongue

Question 8

what’s responsible for the tasting of food inside the mouth?

Answer 8

tongue

Question 9

what type of muscle is the tongue composed of?

Answer 9

skeletal muscle

Question 10

what type of reception is taste?

Answer 10

chemoreception (sensing chemicals)

Question 11

chemoreception is done by what?

Answer 11

taste buds

Question 12

what do taste buds do?

Answer 12

absorb molecules from the food and send signals to the brain identifying the chemicals it senses

Question 13

how many taste buds does the human tongue have and how often is it replaced?

Answer 13

8,000
replaced every 10 days

Question 14

what kind breakdown is teeth responsible for? an where?

Answer 14

mechanical breakdown in the mouth

Question 15

what’s the hardest substance in. the human body?

Answer 15

teeth

Question 16

what does teeth do?

Answer 16

break down food in increase it’s surface area to aid digestion

Question 17

human children have how many teeth?

Answer 17

20

Question 18

human adults have how many teeth?

Answer 18

32

Question 19

how are the teeth anchored to the gums?

Answer 19

by long root extension s layered with enamel, dentin, and pulp

Question 20

enamel, dentin, and pulp house what in the centre?

Answer 20

blood vessels

Question 21

what are the 4 different types of teeth

Answer 21

incisors
canines
molars
pre molars

Question 22

what are incisors used for?

Answer 22

cutting and plucking plant matter

Question 23

what are canines used for?

Answer 23

used for tearing ( usually meat)

Question 24

what are molars/pre molars used for?

Answer 24

used for crushing and grinding plant matter

Question 25

what's commonly referred to as the roof of the mouth?

Answer 25

the palate

Question 26

what's the purpose of the palate ?

Answer 26

separated the mouth cavity from the nasal cavity

Question 27

the hard palate is made up of _____, and the soft palate os made up of____

Answer 27

bone muscles

Question 28

children born without a full formation of a palate is called?

Answer 28

cleft palate

Question 29

what can being born with a cleft palate effect?

Answer 29

breathing speech eating & hearing

Question 30

what kids of tissue are salivary glands?

Answer 30

epithelial tissue

Question 31

how many glands of epithelial tissue secrete saliva?

Answer 31

3

Question 32

what does saliva aid in?

Answer 32

to assist in chemical digestion

Question 33

what is saliva mostly made up of?

Answer 33

98% water

Question 34

what are the other substances in saliva except water?

Answer 34

epithilial tissue white blood cells anti-microbial agents electrolytes mucus & enzymes

Question 35

what's the most important enzyme in saliva and what does it break down?

Answer 35

salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose using hydrolysis.

Question 36

what/where is the pharynx

Answer 36

the region between the mouth and the oesophagus where digestive and respiratory systems intersect

Question 37

what's the use of the pharynx?

Answer 37

acts as a gate to allow appropriate material to passage into the proper tube.

Question 38

how does the pharynx control what goes where?

Answer 38

using flaps of tissue that closes off the one system when the other is in use.

Question 39

what 2 body parts, prevents food from entering the nasal cavity?

Answer 39

soft palate uvula

Question 40

how does the uvula and soft palate prevents food from entering the nasal cavity?

Answer 40

by contracting and blocking the nasopharynx

Question 41

the entry to the trachea is called?

Answer 41

glottis

Question 42

use if the epiglottis ?

Answer 42

blocks the entry to the trachea to prevent food from entering the lungs

Question 43

what rises and uses the epiglottis like an umbrella to prevent food form entering the lungs??

Answer 43

trachea

Question 44

2 steps that take place when food is being swallowed

Answer 44

sort palate and ulna closes off the nasopharynx and the trachea rises to cover itself with the epiglottis.

Question 45

1 step that take place when air is being breathed.

Answer 45

nasopharynx is open and the glottis is uncovered, allowing air inside the lungs.

Question 46

where does the oesophagus start and end?

Answer 46

start at the pharynx and end at the stomach.

Question 47

where is the stomach located?

Answer 47

at the abdomen

Question 48

what region is considered the thorax region?

Answer 48

The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.

Question 49

does the oesophagus perform any digestion?

Answer 49

no

Question 50

the oesophagus is ____ until it receives food

Answer 50

collapsed

Question 51

describe peristalsis

Answer 51

rhythmic muscular contractions that occur thought the digestive process to move the food along

Question 52

can peristalsis move food the in the correct direction even if we're hanging upside down?

Answer 52

yes

Question 53

what prevents back flow inside the tubes of our body?

Answer 53

valves

Question 54

what are valves composed of?

Answer 54

muscle that contracts to close the area off

Question 55

where does the oesophagus really end? (both terms )

Answer 55

the lower oesophageal sphincter or the cardiac sphincter

Question 56

describe the cardiac sphincter

Answer 56

a ring shaped muscle capable of contracting to seal off a tube.

Question 57

when will the cardiac sphincter be closed? and why?

Answer 57

when food is being digested to prevent the acidic chyme from entering the oesophagus.

Question 58

is stomach the main organ for digestion?

Answer 58

no, its a myth

Question 59

the folds in the stomach are called?

Answer 59

rugae

Question 60

use if rugae?

Answer 60

to allow the stomach to expand and increase the surface area

Question 61

what type of muscle make up the stomach and a use of it?

Answer 61

smooth muscle which assists in the mechanical digestion

Question 62

3 ways the stomach digests food mechanically?

Answer 62

contraction of the stomach's muscular portion churning the food increasing surface area by expanding the rugae

Question 63

what's the acidic solution responsible for chemical digestion in the stomach?

Answer 63

gastric juice

Question 64

what secretes mucus in the stomach?

Answer 64

the mucus cells in lumen

Question 65

what is gastric juice composed of?

Answer 65

hydrochloric acid electrolytes ( Na, K, Ca, S etc.) organic molecules ( gastrin, pepsin, etc)

Question 66

ph of hydrochloric acid?

Answer 66

2

Question 67

function of hydrochloric acid?

Answer 67

break down connective tissues in food kill bacteria enables the absorption of vitamin B

Question 68

what is pepsinigin? and it's use?

Answer 68

the unactivated from of pepsin, which is activated y hydrochloric acid. converts proteins into smaller polypeptide chains

Question 69

what the hormone secreted due to stretching of the stomach walls?

Answer 69

gastrin

Question 70

what secretes gastrin and what absorbs it?

Answer 70

secreted and absorbed by the stomach

Question 71

what does gastrin trigger?

Answer 71

the production and secretion of gastric juice

Question 72

how much time does food usually spend in the stomach?

Answer 72

2-6 h

Question 73

the valve at the bottom of the stomach?

Answer 73

pyloric sphincter. `

Question 74

the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 74

repeatedly open and close to let small amounts of chyme out.

Question 75

how long is the small intestine and what's it's main objective?

Answer 75

6 meters main objective is to absorb nutrients

Question 76

why is small intestine called that and not the long intestine?

Answer 76

because the small intestine's DIAMETER is smaller than the long intestines.

Question 77

why is the intestine so long?

Answer 77

to ensure the food spends a long time in the stomach, enabling it to absorb the maximum amount of nutrients

Question 78

what can we achieve by increasing or decreasing the surface area?

Answer 78

we can control the rate an action take place.

Question 79

what structures increase the surface area in the stomach? (2 terms)

Answer 79

villi and micro villi

Question 80

where exactly are the villi located?

Answer 80

in the lumen of the small intestine

Question 81

what kind of tissue make up the villi's?

Answer 81

epithelial tissue ( as it secretes hormones and stuff)

Question 82

what does the villi do in the process of digestion?

Answer 82

directly absorb the digested nutrients into the blood and the lymphatic system

Question 83

each villas has a capillary for ____ and a capillary for______

Answer 83

blood and lymphatic fluid ( lacteal)

Question 84

another name for lymphatic fluid?

Answer 84

lacteal

Question 85

what kinds of molecules directly enter the blood capillaries?

Answer 85

sugar and amino acids

Question 86

what kinds of molecules directly enter the lymphatic fluid capillaries?

Answer 86

glycerol and fatty acids packaged together as a lipoprotein.

Question 87

3 different sections in the small intestine in order?

Answer 87

duodenum jejunum ilium

Question 88

how long is the duodenum?

Answer 88

25 cm

Question 89

what's considered the site of the common bile duct?

Answer 89

duodenum

Question 90

what kind of tissue does the ilium have and what's its purpose?

Answer 90

lymphoid tissue called Peyer's patches which regulate the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the lumen