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Cells Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Cells

A

Basic blocks of life

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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3
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA arranged in chromosomes

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5
Q

mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly like fluid site of chemical reactions

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7
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of glucose gives plant extra strength

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8
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap keeps the plant rigid

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9
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

organ
organ system
dna
cell
tissue
place these in size order

A

dna cell tissue organ organ system

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11
Q

1mm in micrometres

A

1000 micrometres

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12
Q

1 micrometer in nano metres

A

1000 nanometres

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13
Q

order of magnitude

A

difference caculated in factors of 10, represented by standard form

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14
Q

uni cellular / multi cellular

A

an organism made of one cell/an organism made of multiple cells

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15
Q

tissues

A

a group of similar cells working together to perform a similar function

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16
Q

organ

A

a group of tissues working together to perform a similar function

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17
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs working together

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18
Q

magnification

A

how much bigger the image size is compared to the actual size (m=i/a)

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19
Q

resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between two points clearly

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20
Q

prokaryote / prokaryotic cell

A

a cell without a nucleus , its dna is not organised into chromosomes (its dna exists in one long string)

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21
Q

eukaryote / eukaryotic cell

A

dna organised in chromosomes in a nucleus

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22
Q

nucleoid

A

naked dna , dna that is not org in a chromosome

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23
Q

specialised cell

A

a cell designed to carry out a specific function

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24
Q

differentiation

A

the process in which an unspecalised cell becomes specalised

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25
stem cells
unspecialised cells that have the ability to differentiate
26
3 similarities between plant cells and animal cells
they both have a - cytoplasm - nucleus - cell membrane - ribosome - mitochondria
27
3 similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-cell wall -cell membrane -cytoplasm
28
3 differences prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotes (prokaryotes 0.2-2micrometres) - only prokaryotes can have a nucleoid , plasmid, pili or capsule - eukaryotes have a nucleus
29
prokaryote cell wall
cellulose / chitin
30
eukaryote cell wall
peptidoglycan
31
flagellum
tail adapted for movement of cell
32
pili
attaching to surfaces
33
plasmids
small circular rings of dna
33
capsule
prevents the cell from drying out
34
sperm cells function and adaptations
function - fertilise an egg adaptations - tail for movement, acrosome for breaking into egg
35
nerve cells functions and adaptations
function - carries messages / electrical impulses for movement adaptation - a gap in myelin sheath which allows nerve impulses to jump from gap to gap
36
red blood cell functions and adaptations
function - transports oxygen from lungs to tissues adaptations - tiny so easier to pass through capillaries, bioncave disc no nucleus
37
hair root cell functions and adaptations
function - found on plant roots to absorb water and mineral ions adaptation - long thin exchange surface no cuticle
38
palisade cells function and adaptation
function - absorb max amount of light possible adaptation - near surface arranged end on chloroplasts produce food and absorb light
39
phloem cells functions and adaptations
function movement of sugars adaptations - small pores
40
xylem cells function and adaptions
function - transports water from roots to rest of the plant adaptation - lignin protein on inside keeps open under pressure
41
onion cell practical instructions
1) using tweezers cut a piece of onion. break piece in half and tweeze off transparent layer 2)spread piece on a microscope slide 3)2 drops iodine 4) place coverslip ontop with tweezers use paper towel wipe off excess 5)objective lense to 40x
42
Why should i lower the slide at an angle
prevents air bubbles
43
risk assesment onion practical
handling sharp knife, staining with blue iodine
44
rules of scientific drawing
1) use a pencil 2) no shading 3) smooth lines 4) labelling perpendicular
45
embryonic stem cells
can become any type of specalised cell
46
totipotent
can become any type of specalised cell
47
adult stem cells / bone marrow
limited can only become a certain number of specalised cells
48
multipotent
limited can only become a number of specalised cells
49
meristem
tip of root/shoot, undifferentiated cells are formed here
50
how to write a comparative statment
-mention both species -however, whereas, on the other hand -differences+similarities -words ending in er (smaller bigger etc)
51
therapeutic cloning
using stem cells for creation of body cells to treat disease
52
where are eukaryotic cells found
animal plant fungi protists usually multi cellular organisms
53
where are prokaryotes found
bacteria and archaea uni cellular organisms
54
in the onion cell rqp name a hazard risk and mitigation attempt
iodine stain is an irritant so wash hands if in contact knife can cut your skin so cut away from blade
55
why is the coverslip lowered at an angle in the onion cell rqp
to prevent air bubbles
56
why is the stain used in the onion cell rqp
to identify organelles clearly
57
why is a thin layer of onion used in the onion cell rqp
cells are easier to see because light is let through
58
gene
a section of dna
59
chromosone
a singular strand of dna
60
describe the cell cycle
interphase -: cell grows DNA + organelles are replicated mitosis : - prophase ; DNA condenses to form chromosomes - metaphase ; chromosomes line up in middle of cell, held by spindle fibers - anaphase ; pair of chromosomes are separated by spindle fibers to either end -telophase ; new nucleus forms around each set of chromosomes cytokinesis :cells cytoplasm divides, two new cells
61
embryo vs bone marrow stem cell 6 marker
embryo is totipotent bone marrow is multi potent bone marrow procedure is relatively safe , embryo procedure unreliable ethical issues surrounding embryo harvesting no ethical issues stem cell

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