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ზισʅσɠყ ყ9 > Transpiration, Translocation + Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Transpiration, Translocation + Photosynthesis Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

upper epidermis

A

thin and transparent to allow light through

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2
Q

palisade mesophyll

A
  • regular shaped cells packed with chloroplasts allows maximum absorption of light for photosynthesis
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3
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

irregular shaped cells to increase surface area for gas exchange . carbon dioxide exchanged with oxygen

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4
Q

guard cells

A

control opening and closing of stomata

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5
Q

stomata

A

allows gas exchange with environment

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6
Q

waxy cuticle

A

waxy layer prevents loss of water through evaporation

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7
Q

lower epidermis

A

cells swell to open stomata

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8
Q

xylem cells in leaf

A

carries water + minerals into cell

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9
Q

phloem cells in leaf

A

carries sugars out of leaf

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10
Q

petals

A

reproduction (1)
attracts pollinators
pollinated flowers produce fruit / seeds as the product of sexual reproduction

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11
Q

leaves

A

contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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12
Q

stem

A

provides plant support , transport of water and minerals through vessels

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13
Q

roots

A

anchorage of plants, storage of sugar, absorbs water and mineral ions from soil

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14
Q

meristem

A

area which undifferentiated cells are produced (stem cells)

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15
Q

shoot apical meristem

A

occurs at tip of shoot, produces new leaves + flowers

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16
Q

lateral meristem

A

occurs at cabium, produces girth and thickness in stem

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17
Q

root apical meristem

A

occurs at tip of root controls root growth and development

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18
Q

location of xylem + phloem in leaf

A

phloem found near lower surface, xylem above

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19
Q

location of xylem + phloem in stem

A

vascular bundles on edge of stem, phloem further out

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20
Q

location of xylem + phloem in roots

A

cross shaped xylem, phloem between edges, in vascular cylinder

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21
Q

transpiration stream

A

the flow of water through a plant , from the roots to the leaves, via the xylem vessels (water will eventually be lost by evaporation through the stomata)

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22
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water from leaves by evaporation through stomata

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23
Q

How do mineral ions enter root hair cell (and why does it effect transpiration)

A

Active transport, it lowers water potential in the root hair cell

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24
Q

how does water exit the plant

A

through stomata leaves

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25
why is transpiration stream useful for plants
-minimal energy requirement -distributes mineral ions -water needed in leaf for photosynthesis -ensures turgidity around all of plant
26
translocation
transportation of sucrose (and amino acids ) up and down the plant
27
source + sink spring (growth period) of sucrose
source - storage organs (eg roots) sink - growing areas (new shoots, stems)
28
summer source + sink
source - photosynthesizing leaves sink - roots for storage of excess sucrose
29
winter source + sink
source - storage organs sink - other parts of respiration
30
where + how are sugars made in a plant
made in the leaf cell by photosynthesis
31
photosynthesis
how plants convert light energy (from the sun) into chemical energy (food/glucose). this happens inside chloroplasts in the leaf
32
formula for photosynthesis chemical equation
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
33
adaptations for photosynthesis of leaf
large surface area stomata thin chlorophyll network of veins
34
how does large surface area help photosynthesis
more area for photosynthesis to occur
35
how does stomata help for photosynthesis
controls movement of CO2 and O2
36
how does a leaf being thin help photosynthesis
short diffusion path for CO2 to diffuse into leaf cells
37
how does chlorophyll help photosynthesis
absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals
38
how does a network of vein help a leaf for photosynthesis
supports leaf and transports water and carbohydrates
39
define limiting factor
prevents rate increasing (of photosynthesis)
40
name 4 limiting factors of photosynthesis
light CO2 conc temperature chlorophyll conc
41
investigation of light and its affect on photosynthesis RQP - IV DV AND CV
IV - distance of lamp DV - rate of bubbles of gas CV - temp of water
42
pattern of results in RQP rate of photosynthesis light
further the distance the less bubbles are produced
43
uses of glucose in a plant
to make amino acids to make proteins for growth and repair to make cellulose for a cell wall storage of starch storage of fats and oil
44
how can a greenhouse optimize photosynthesis
parafin heater (adds CO2) light bulbs optimal light
45
pros of greenhouse
-increases yield -growth independent of season -conditions easily altered -monitoring can be done remotely
46
cons of greenhouse
-expensive to build -expensive to run -large area of land required -less jobs provided -lack of variation in dna of plants leads to crops easily being lost to disease
47
nitrate deficiency symptoms
poor growth, yellow leaves
48
phosphate deficiency symptons
poor root growth , discolored leaves
49
potassium deficiency symptons
poor growth of fruit and flowers , discolored leaves
50
magnesium deficiency symptons
yellow leaves
51
describe how water travels from the root to the leaves
-water travels cell by cell via osmosis -by transpiration stream
52
light + transpiration relationship
-in bright light transpiration increases -stomata opens wider to let in more co2 for photosynthesis, therefore more water evaporates
53
transpiration and temperature relationship
-transpiration is faster in higher temperatures -evaporation + diffusion faster in higher temperatures
54
transpiration and wind relationship
-transpiration is faster in windy conditions -water vapor is removed quickly by air movement , speeding up diffusion of water vapor out of leaf by increasing conc gradient
55
relationship between humidity and transpiration
-transpiration is slow in humid conditions -diffusion of water vapor out of leaf slows down if leafs surrounded by moisture
56
explain how stomata opens
-guard cells fill with water -thick inner wall doesnt stretch as much as thinner inner wall -results in guard cells bending banana shaped -stomata opens between guard cells
57
explain why having few stomata on the upper surface of a leaf is an advantage to the plant
-less transpiration so less water loss -plant wont wilt
58
how can oxygen produced during photosynthesis be used to measure the rate of photosynthesis
count number of bubbles released
59
how does translocation work
-sugars made in leaf cell by photosynthesis -sucrose moved via active transport to companion cell\ -from companion cell sucrose diffuses to phloem -high conc of sucrose causes water to enter -translocation of sugars to root, stored as starch
60
how does transpiration work
- active transport of mineral ions into root hair cell -lowers water potential, water moves in via osmosis to xylem -water moves via capillary action -evaporates through stomata / used in plant
61
counting stomata on leaf method
- place clear nail polish on leaf - mount epidermis on slide -count stomata in one area - find average
62
substance that strengthens xylem tissues
lignin
63
explain how sub cellular structures help dissolved sugars to move from source cell to phloem
- move via active transport - from an area of high conc to low conc - companion cell contains mitochondria for active transport - mitochondria releases energy - energy needed for travel against conc gradient
64
plant is kept in a flask, mass is lost describe and explain the change of mass
mass is lost because roots absorbed water , water leaves plant through transpiration
65
what happens if sunlight is lacking
-photosynthesis cant occur -glucose cant be stored as starch,
66
what happens if stomata is blocked
-gases cant be diffused -lowers co2 conc, limiting factor of photosynthesis
67
what happens if photosynthesis doesnt occur
glucose camt be made and converted into starch
68
leaf green - starch is present white - starch is not explain
-green part contains chlorophyl , white part does not -light absorbed by chlorophyl, photosynthesis can occur, glucose stored as starch
69
explain the effect of increasing temperature and increasing co2 conc on the rate of photosynthesis
- increasing temp increases kinetic energy / movement of molecules -more frequent collisions -increasing co2 is increasing conc of reactant -all plateau at certain point because chlorophyll conc
70
light no longer limiting so..
chlorophyll or co2 conc
71
co2 conc no longer limiting so..
chlorophyll conc
72
temperature no longer limiting so..
chlorophyll conc
73
inverse square law
light intensity (fish symbol) 1 over distance squared
74
compare xylem and phloem (6 marker)
- xylem dead phloem alive - xylem involved transpiration phloem in translocation - xylem hollow and does not have cytoplasm -xylem transports water and minerals phloem transports sugars -phloem have pores in their end walls xylem does not -both use active transport, xylem uses capillary action
75

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