Cells

Question 1

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 1

The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and provides protection and support.

Question 2

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

Answer 2

The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities, including growth and reproduction.

Question 3

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

Answer 3

Mitochondria have a double membrane structure; the inner membrane is folded into cristae, and the space inside is called the matrix.

Question 4

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 4

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration and are involved in energy production (ATP).

Question 5

What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Answer 5

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptides.

Question 6

What are the components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Answer 6

What are the components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Question 7

What is the function of the rough ER?

Answer 7

The rough ER synthesizes and transports proteins

Question 8

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Answer 8

The smooth ER synthesizes lipids, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores calcium ions

Question 9

What is the Golgi apparatus and its function?

Answer 9

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 10

What are lysosomes and what do they do?

Answer 10

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down waste materials

Question 11

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 11

The cytoskeleton provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement within the cell.

Question 12

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 12

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 13

What is a plasmid and in which cells is it found?

Answer 13

A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in prokaryotic cells, often containing genes for antibiotic resistance.

Question 14

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 14

Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells

Question 15

What are thylakoids and where are they located?

Answer 15

Thylakoids are membrane-bound sacs inside chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

Question 16

What is the structure of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 16

Prokaryotic cells typically consist of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a nucleoid region (with DNA), and sometimes plasmids.

Question 17

What is the cell wall made of in plant cells?

Answer 17

cell wall is made primarily of cellulose, which provides structural support and protection.

Question 18

What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?

Answer 18

The vacuole stores water, nutrients, and waste products and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

Question 19

What is the role of the centrioles?

Answer 19

Centrioles are involved in cell division, helping to organize the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during mitosis.

Question 20

What is the function of the flagella?

Answer 20

Flagella are long, whip-like structures that allow cells to move through liquids, such as in some prokaryotes and sperm cells.

Question 21

What is the process of mitosis?

Answer 21

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 22

What is meiosis?

Answer 22

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid cells, typically involved in sexual reproduction.

Question 23

What is a diploid cell?

Answer 23

A diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Question 24

What is a haploid cell?

Answer 24

A haploid cell contains one set of chromosomes

Question 25

What is the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell?

Answer 25

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

Question 26

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 26

The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus and regulates the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 27

What is a nucleolus?

Answer 27

The nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and ribosomes are partially assembled.

Question 28

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Answer 28

Cholesterol helps stabilize the fluidity of the cell membrane

Question 29

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 29

Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules across a membrane via protein channels or carriers, down their concentration gradient.

Question 30

What is active transport?

Answer 30

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (usually ATP).

Question 31

What is osmosis?

Answer 31

Osmosis is the movement of water in a solution from a less negative water potential, to a solution of a more negative water potential.

Question 32

hat is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 32

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell, leading to water loss from the cell.

Question 33

What is an isotonic solution?

Answer 33

An isotonic solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

Question 34

What is a hypotonic solution?

Answer 34

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell, causing water to enter the cell.

Question 35

What is the function of the cilia?

Answer 35

Cilia are short, hair-like structures on the surface of cells that move in coordinated waves to transport fluids or to move the cell.

Question 36

What is the role of a glycoprotein in the cell membrane?

Answer 36

Glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrate chains attached, playing roles in cell recognition, signalling, and adhesion.

Question 37

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

Answer 37

Passive transport does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient, while active transport requires energy (ATP) and moves substances against their gradient.

Question 38

What is the function of the plasmodesmata in plant cells?

Answer 38

Plasmodesmata are channels between plant cells that allow for the exchange of materials and communication between cells.

Question 39

What is the function of the mitochondria's cristae?

Answer 39

The cristae are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for ATP production during cellular respiration.

Question 40

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 40

Nuclear pores are openings in the nuclear envelope that regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Question 41

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Answer 41

The rough ER is involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins that are either secreted from the cell or incorporated into the cell's membrane.

Question 42

What is the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

Answer 42

The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a flexible structure made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

Question 43

What are the functions of the carbohydrate chains attached to membrane proteins and lipids?

Answer 43

Carbohydrate chains help with cell recognition, signalling, and adhesion, and they contribute to the formation of the glycocalyx.

Question 44

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 44

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface and is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Question 45

What is the role of the microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 45

Microtubules are involved in maintaining cell shape, facilitating intracellular transport, and forming the spindle fibres during mitosis.