Molecules

Question 1

What are the four main types of biological molecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question 2

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Monosaccharides.

Question 3

Give an example of a monosaccharide.

Answer 3

Glucose.

Question 4

What type of bond is formed between monosaccharides in a disaccharide?

Answer 4

A glycosidic bond

Question 5

Name two examples of monosaccharides.

Answer 5

Glucose and fructose

Question 6

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 6

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.

Question 7

Give two examples of disaccharides.

Answer 7

Sucrose and lactose

Question 8

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 8

A complex carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides linked together.

Question 9

Name two polysaccharides found in plants.

Answer 9

Starch and cellulose.

Question 10

What is the main polysaccharide found in animals?

Answer 10

Glycogen.

Question 11

What type of reaction joins monomers?

Answer 11

A condensation reaction.

Question 12

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 12

A reaction that breaks polymers into monomers using water.

Question 13

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 13

The position of the hydroxyl (-OH) group on carbon 1.

Question 14

What is the function of starch?

Answer 14

Energy storage in plants.

Question 15

What is the main structural carbohydrate in plants?

Answer 15

Cellulose.

Question 16

What is the structure of cellulose?

Answer 16

Long chains of beta-glucose linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils.

Question 17

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 17

A lipid made of one glycerol and three fatty acids.

Question 18

What bond forms between glycerol and fatty acids?

Answer 18

An ester bond.

Question 19

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 19

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 20

What is the function of phospholipids in cells?

Answer 20

They form the bilayer of cell membranes

Question 21

What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?

Answer 21

It stabilizes the membrane and makes it less fluid.

Question 22

What are the monomers of proteins?

Answer 22

Amino acids.

Question 23

What type of bond links amino acids?

Answer 23

Peptide bonds.

Question 24

What reaction forms peptide bonds?

Answer 24

A condensation reaction.

Question 25

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 25

The sequence of amino acids.

Question 26

What stabilizes the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 26

Hydrogen bonds.

Question 27

Name two types of secondary protein structures.

Answer 27

Alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet.

Question 28

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 28

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein.

Question 29

What are enzymes?

Answer 29

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

Question 30

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 30

The region where substrate molecules bind.

Question 31

What is the lock-and-key model?

Answer 31

The idea that the enzyme's active site is complementary to the substrate. Like a lock and key

Question 32

What is the induced fit model?

Answer 32

The active site changes shape slightly to fit the substrate

Question 33

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Answer 33

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration.

Question 34

What happens when an enzyme is denatured?

Answer 34

Its active site changes shape, and it can no longer bind to the substrate.

Question 35

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 35

Nucleotides.

Question 36

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Answer 36

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Question 37

Name the two types of nucleic acids

Answer 37

DNA and RNA.

Question 38

What is the sugar in DNA?

Answer 38

Deoxyribose.

Question 39

What is the sugar in RNA?

Answer 39

Ribose.

Question 40

Name the four bases in DNA

Answer 40

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

Question 41

What base is found in RNA but not DNA?

Answer 41

Uracil.

Question 42

What type of bond links nucleotides?

Answer 42

Phosphodiester bond

Question 43

What shape does DNA have?

Answer 43

A double helix.

Question 44

What type of bonding holds the DNA strands together?

Answer 44

Hydrogen bonds.

Question 45

What is complementary base pairing?

Answer 45

Adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil in RNA), and cytosine pairs with guanine. A-T & G-C (vice versa)

Question 46

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 46

Adenosine triphosphate.

Question 47

What is the role of ATP in cells?

Answer 47

It provides energy for cellular processes.

Question 48

What is the process of DNA replication?

Answer 48

Semi-conservative replication.

Question 49

What enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix?

Answer 49

Helicase.

Question 50

What enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands?

Answer 50

DNA polymerase.

Question 51

What is transcription?

Answer 51

The process of making mRNA from DNA

Question 52

What is translation?

Answer 52

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Question 53

What is the role of tRNA?

Answer 53

To carry amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Question 54

What is a mutation?

Answer 54

A change in the DNA sequence.