Cells

Question 1

What are the 8 typical bacteria cell organelles

Answer 1

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
DNA loop
Flagellum
Small circular DNA
Slime capsule

Question 2

What are the two types of cells

Answer 2

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes

Question 3

Explain the Root hair cell 4 adaptations

Answer 3

Large surface area to increase water absorption
Thin cell wall decreases pathway so increase rate of water absorption
No waterproofing cuticle so permeable to water
Mitochondria to release energy and absorb minerals

Question 4

Explain the Guard cells 2 adaptations

Answer 4

Chloroplasts for photosynthesis which helps to change its shape
Thick cell wall on the inside causes bending of the cell to open the stomata

Question 5

Explain the xylem cells 2 adaptations

Answer 5

Walls contain lignin which strengthens the walls
They are dead cells so are hollie which means water and minerals can be continuously transported

Question 6

Explain the phloems adaptations
1 and 3

Answer 6

Sieve tube cells
Has only cytoplasm to transport glucose

Companion cells
Supports the drive tube cells by containing organelles for both cells
Contains mitochondria and ribosomes
End plates are cell walls with holes so glucose can get through and travel both ways

Question 7

Explain the 3 adaptations for red blood cells

Answer 7

Haemoglobin to carry oxygen
No nucleus increases space for oxygen
The biconcave gives a larger surface area so more oxygen is absorbed

Question 8

Explain the two adaptations of white blood cells

Answer 8

Multi-lobed nucleus helps to squeeze through capillaries and kill invading pathogens
Flexible to change shape, engulf and kill pathogens

Question 9

Explain the 2 adaptations of the ciliated epithelial cells

Answer 9

Cilia are hair like projections to move substances around
Many mitochondria to release energy for wafting

Question 10

Explain the 3 adaptations of a sperm cell

Answer 10

Lots of mitochondria so it can reach the egg
Flagum to help it swim
Pointed head so it can enter the egg cell

Question 11

Explain the 2 adaptations of the nerve cell/ neuron

Answer 11

Long axon for sending messages long distances
Dendrites are connections to other neurons/ muscles

Question 12

What is the adaptation of smooth muscle cells

Answer 12

Protein fibres which can shorten

Question 13

What is cell differentiation, when and why dose it happen

Answer 13

The process of becoming specialised
An early stage of development
The adaptations enable them to vary out their function effectively

Question 14

What are the chunky wheel and mini wheel on the side of a microscope called

Answer 14

The big ones the coarse focus knob/wheel
The smaller one further down is the fine focus wheel/knob

Question 15

What is the thing you look through on a microscope called

Answer 15

Eyepiece lens

Question 16

What are the 3 nozzle options called on a microscope

Answer 16

Objective lens

Question 17

What is the bulge under the stage called on a microscope

Answer 17

Diaphragm

Question 18

What’s the bottom bit on a microscope called

Answer 18

Base

Question 19

Where do you pick my microscope up by

Answer 19

Arm

Question 20

What do electron microscopes do differently to light microscopes

Answer 20

You can only see dead specimens in a very limited view
Seen in black and white
Greater power of magnification and higher resolution

Question 21

What dose cell division do

Answer 21

Produces new cells which are necessary for growth repair and replacement of tissue in all eukaryotic organisms

Question 22

How many chromosomes are in human DNA

Answer 22

46 or 23 in sex cells

Question 23

Describe the 4 steps of the cell cycle

Answer 23

1. Cell growth: size and numbers increase
2. Copy the DNA
   3.DNA is checked for mutations
3. Mitosis (smallest step) cell division

After approx 50 cycles the cell is destroyed

Question 24

Explain the steps of cytokinesis

Answer 24

Parent cells DNA is doubled
Chromosomes line up in the centre in matching pair
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
The cell divide so 2 identical to parent daughter cells are formed

Question 25

What is the magnification equation

Answer 25

Magnification = image/actual

Question 26

What is a stem cell

Answer 26

An undifferentiated cell of an organism which can give rise to many more cells if the same type and from which certain other specialised cells can arise

Question 27

What are the names of 2 types of animal stem cells and 1 plant stem cells

Answer 27

Adult stem cells Embryonic stem cells Meristems

Question 28

What is therapeutic cloning

Answer 28

A technique used by doctors to produce replacement cells, tissues or organisms which care used to treat diseases

Question 29

What are the 4 concerns with using embryonic stem cells

Answer 29

Kills the embryo Religious objections as some believe life begins at conception Ethical obligation as the embryo cannot consent Viral infections

Question 30

Where are the 3 embryonic cells found

Answer 30

In embryos Body tissues e.g brain, bone marrow Tips of shoots and roots

Question 31

What are the difference Differential potentials of the 3 stem cells

Answer 31

Any type of cell in the body Only a few specific ones e.g bone marrow become red or white blood cells All cells in the plant

Question 32

What are the functions of the 3 stem cells in the organism

Answer 32

To create an entire organism When needed for repair Root and stem growth and other plant components

Question 33

What are the potential uses of embryonic stem cells

Answer 33

Medical conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes and paralysis Also for therapeutic cloning as the same genes means they won’t be rejected by the body

Question 35

What are the potential uses for meristems

Answer 35

Producing plant clones quickly with helpful adaptations e.g disease resistance to maximise farming profit Rate species can be cloned to prevent extinction

Question 35

What are the potential uses for adult stem cells

Answer 35

Medical conditions such as diabetes For bone marrow transplants Liver regenerations They are used specifically as they only differentiate to a few cells

Question 36

Is energy used during diffusion

Answer 36

No it’s passive transport

Question 37

What is diffusion

Answer 37

The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Question 38

What is active transport

Answer 38

Moving substances from a lower concentration to a higher concentration against a concentration gradient which requires energy from respiration and a carrier protein in the membrane

Question 39

Explain the 4 the factors effecting the rate of diffusion

Answer 39

Temperature The higher the temperature the more kinetic energy so the faster the rate of diffusion Concentration gradient The greater difference between the two regions the faster the rate of diffusion Diffusion path The shorter the distance the particles need to move the quicker the rate of diffusion will be Surface area The greater the surface area that the particles need to diffuse across the quicker the rate

Question 40

What are the 3 ways the lungs maximise diffusion

Answer 40

They have millions of alveoli which increases surface area Steep concentration gradient (Ventilation keeps the concentration of oxygen higher than carbon dioxide lower in alveoli and the capillary network keeps concentration of oxygen lower and carbon dioxide higher in blood around alveoli) The wall of the alveoli and the wall of the capillary are one cell thick creating a short diffusion pathway

Question 41

What is osmosis

Answer 41

The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential

Question 42

What is it called when a cell is burst due to too much water or shrivelled due to not enough

Answer 42

Cell lysis Crenation

Question 43

What is a dose turgid and plasmolysed

Answer 43

Turgid is when a celll swells up and mass increases Plasmolysed cells is when the membrane pulls away from the cell wall and mass goes down

Question 44

What is the 10 parts of the breathing system

Answer 44

Larynx Trachea Lungs Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Inter-coastal muscles Ribs Diaphragm Alveoli

Question 45

What is an example of plant organism system

Answer 45

Roots system Shoots system Reproductive system

Question 46

What are the 10 parts of the digestive system

Answer 46

Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Liver gal bladder Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine Rectum Anus

Question 47

What is example of a plant tissue

Answer 47

Xylem tissue Phloem tissue

Question 48

What is an example and function of antiseptics

Answer 48

Tee tree oil Kills bacteria outside the body