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human anatomy > Cells 2-A and 2-B > Flashcards

Cells 2-A and 2-B Flashcards

1
Q

location of plasma membrane

A

outer border of cell

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2
Q

function of cell membrane

A

separates the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments (border)

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3
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins interspersed throughout

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4
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

selective permeability; regulates entry and exit of substances through the membrane

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5
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require energy from the cell

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6
Q

active transport

A

requires energy (ATP)

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7
Q

simple diffusion (passive)

A

flow of substances from high concentration to low concentration

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8
Q

osmosis (passive)

A

movement of water molecules from a high to low concentration

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9
Q

facilitated diffusion (passive)

A

diffusion with help; protein channels are used (still high to low concentration)

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10
Q

2 reasons for active transport

A
  1. substance is too large
  2. goes against concentration gradient
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11
Q

bulk transport

A

movement of large molecules across membrane

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12
Q

exocytosis (bulk transport)

A

materials are moved out of cell

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13
Q

endocytosis (bulk transport)

A

materials are moved into cell

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14
Q

phagocytosis (endocytosis)

A

cell eating; cell forms appendages and consumes large substances (white blood cells for example)

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15
Q

pinocytosis (endocytosis)

A

cell drinking; uptake of fluid; opposite of exocytosis process

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

includes all materials between plasma membrane

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17
Q

cytosol

A

viscous fluid containing water and many dissolved substances ( proteins, carbs, etc.)

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18
Q

organelles

A

structures in cells that perform specific functions

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19
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

contents are separate from cytosol (have a membrane)

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20
Q

examples of membrane bound organelles

A

ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

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21
Q

non-membrane-bound organelles

A

contents are in direct contact with cytosol

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22
Q

examples of non-membrane-bound organelles

A

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli

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23
Q

enclosed spaces in ER are called

A

cisternae

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24
Q

smooth ER is smooth due to

A

lack of ribosomes

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25
Q

function of smooth ER

A

metabolism of carbohydrates

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26
Q

rough ER is rough due to

A

ribosomes on surface

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27
Q

function of RER

A

modifies the proteins and package them into transport vesicles

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28
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

UPS of cell; receive material from ER for modification, sorting, and packaging

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29
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles generated by golgi apparatus

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30
Q

function of lysosomes

A

garbage disposal; contain enzymes use to digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell

31
Q

peroxisomes

A

smaller than lysosomes; detoxify; neutralize any harmful substances

32
Q

mitochondria

A

organelles with double membranes

33
Q

what are the inner folds in the mitochondria called

A

cristae

34
Q

function of mitochondria

A

produce ATP

35
Q

ribosomes

A

responsible for protein synthesis

36
Q

cytoskeleton

A

proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes; provides structure for cell

37
Q

centrosome

A

bundles of centriole

38
Q

centriole

A

single bundle

39
Q

centrosomes and centrioles are part of what process

A

cell division

40
Q

cilia

A

hairlike extensions of cell membrane

41
Q

how does cilia work

A

move together to propel substances past the surface of the cell (respiratory tract)

42
Q

flagella

A

whip like tails for movement; sperm

43
Q

microvilli

A

finger like extensions of the cell membrane that increase surface area; digestive tract

44
Q

3 main parts of a prototypical cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

45
Q

function of nucleus

A

control center for cellular activity (brain of cell)

46
Q

nuclear envelope function

A

regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus (membrane surrounding the nucleus)

47
Q

nuclear envelope has a

A

double membrane

48
Q

outer membrane of nucleus is continuous with

A

ER

49
Q

nuclear pores

A

openings found throughout nuclear membrane; where substances enter and leave

50
Q

nucleolus

A

make ribosomes; RER is close to it so these ribosomes can land on it

51
Q

chromatin

A

fine filaments of DNA and associated proteins

51
Q

chromatin

A

fine filaments of DNA and associated proteins

52
Q

during cell development, chromatin coils tightly to form…

A

chromosomes

53
Q

karyotype

A

a photographic inventory of an individual’s chromosomes

54
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are there

A

23 (46 total)

55
Q

what pair of chromosomes determines sex

A

23rd

56
Q

XX=

A

female

57
Q

XY=

A

male

58
Q

monosomy

A

lacks chromosome in one of the 23 positions (45 total)

59
Q

trisomy

A

has an extra chromosome in one of the 23 positions (47 chromosomes)

60
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

61
Q

cell cycle

A

refers to processes associated with cell
division to replace aging, damaged, or dead cells

62
Q

interphase (cell cycle)

A

time between cell divisions; time when cell is preparing for division

63
Q

mitotic phase (cell cycle)

A

cell division into two cells (when division actually occurs)

64
Q

necrosis (cell death)

A

cell death due to damage

65
Q

apoptosis (cell death)

A

programmed cell death

66
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

67
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

68
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Similarities and differences across species

69
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Changes that occur through conception to maturity

70
Q

Embryology

A

Changes that occur from fertilization to birth

71
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Looking at body region by region (head or chest)

72
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of external features on the body (palm of hand)

73
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Looks at each system and everywhere it appears in the body

human anatomy (6 decks)

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