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human anatomy > Cells 2-A and 2-B > Flashcards

Cells 2-A and 2-B Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

location of plasma membrane

A

outer border of cell

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2
Q

function of cell membrane

A

separates the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments (border)

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3
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins interspersed throughout

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4
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

selective permeability; regulates entry and exit of substances through the membrane

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5
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require energy from the cell

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6
Q

active transport

A

requires energy (ATP)

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7
Q

simple diffusion (passive)

A

flow of substances from high concentration to low concentration

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8
Q

osmosis (passive)

A

movement of water molecules from a high to low concentration

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9
Q

facilitated diffusion (passive)

A

diffusion with help; protein channels are used (still high to low concentration)

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10
Q

2 reasons for active transport

A
  1. substance is too large
  2. goes against concentration gradient
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11
Q

bulk transport

A

movement of large molecules across membrane

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12
Q

exocytosis (bulk transport)

A

materials are moved out of cell

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13
Q

endocytosis (bulk transport)

A

materials are moved into cell

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14
Q

phagocytosis (endocytosis)

A

cell eating; cell forms appendages and consumes large substances (white blood cells for example)

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15
Q

pinocytosis (endocytosis)

A

cell drinking; uptake of fluid; opposite of exocytosis process

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

includes all materials between plasma membrane

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17
Q

cytosol

A

viscous fluid containing water and many dissolved substances ( proteins, carbs, etc.)

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18
Q

organelles

A

structures in cells that perform specific functions

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19
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

contents are separate from cytosol (have a membrane)

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20
Q

examples of membrane bound organelles

A

ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

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21
Q

non-membrane-bound organelles

A

contents are in direct contact with cytosol

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22
Q

examples of non-membrane-bound organelles

A

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli

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23
Q

enclosed spaces in ER are called

A

cisternae

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24
Q

smooth ER is smooth due to

A

lack of ribosomes

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25
function of smooth ER
metabolism of carbohydrates
26
rough ER is rough due to
ribosomes on surface
27
function of RER
modifies the proteins and package them into transport vesicles
28
golgi apparatus function
UPS of cell; receive material from ER for modification, sorting, and packaging
29
lysosomes
vesicles generated by golgi apparatus
30
function of lysosomes
garbage disposal; contain enzymes use to digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell
31
peroxisomes
smaller than lysosomes; detoxify; neutralize any harmful substances
32
mitochondria
organelles with double membranes
33
what are the inner folds in the mitochondria called
cristae
34
function of mitochondria
produce ATP
35
ribosomes
responsible for protein synthesis
36
cytoskeleton
proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes; provides structure for cell
37
centrosome
bundles of centriole
38
centriole
single bundle
39
centrosomes and centrioles are part of what process
cell division
40
cilia
hairlike extensions of cell membrane
41
how does cilia work
move together to propel substances past the surface of the cell (respiratory tract)
42
flagella
whip like tails for movement; sperm
43
microvilli
finger like extensions of the cell membrane that increase surface area; digestive tract
44
3 main parts of a prototypical cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
45
function of nucleus
control center for cellular activity (brain of cell)
46
nuclear envelope function
regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus (membrane surrounding the nucleus)
47
nuclear envelope has a
double membrane
48
outer membrane of nucleus is continuous with
ER
49
nuclear pores
openings found throughout nuclear membrane; where substances enter and leave
50
nucleolus
make ribosomes; RER is close to it so these ribosomes can land on it
51
chromatin
fine filaments of DNA and associated proteins
51
chromatin
fine filaments of DNA and associated proteins
52
during cell development, chromatin coils tightly to form...
chromosomes
53
karyotype
a photographic inventory of an individual's chromosomes
54
how many pairs of chromosomes are there
23 (46 total)
55
what pair of chromosomes determines sex
23rd
56
XX=
female
57
XY=
male
58
monosomy
lacks chromosome in one of the 23 positions (45 total)
59
trisomy
has an extra chromosome in one of the 23 positions (47 chromosomes)
60
trisomy 21
down syndrome
61
cell cycle
refers to processes associated with cell division to replace aging, damaged, or dead cells
62
interphase (cell cycle)
time between cell divisions; time when cell is preparing for division
63
mitotic phase (cell cycle)
cell division into two cells (when division actually occurs)
64
necrosis (cell death)
cell death due to damage
65
apoptosis (cell death)
programmed cell death
66
mitosis
division of the nucleus
67
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
68
Comparative anatomy
Similarities and differences across species
69
Developmental anatomy
Changes that occur through conception to maturity
70
Embryology
Changes that occur from fertilization to birth
71
Regional anatomy
Looking at body region by region (head or chest)
72
Surface anatomy
Study of external features on the body (palm of hand)
73
Systemic anatomy
Looks at each system and everywhere it appears in the body

human anatomy (6 decks)

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