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human anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

embryology

A

developmental events that occur prior to birth

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2
Q

cell differentiation

A

transformation into specific cell types

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3
Q

cell development

A

process by which cells become fully functional (maturation)

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4
Q

prenatal period

A

first 38 weeks of human development

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5
Q

three developmental stages

A
  1. pre-embryonic period
  2. embryonic period
  3. fetal period
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6
Q
  1. pre-embryonic period
A

-first two weeks after fertilization of egg
-formation of blastocyst
-ends with implantation in lining of uterus

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7
Q
  1. embryonic period
A

-3rd through 8th weeks
-all major organ systems begin to develop

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8
Q
  1. fetal period
A

-9th through 38th weeks (birth)
-growth and development continues
-ends at birth

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9
Q

what are the mitotic divisions of a zygote called

A

cleavage

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10
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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11
Q

once the zygote reaches the 16-cell stage, what is it called?

A

morula

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12
Q

after the morula enters the uterine cavity, what does it become?

A

blastocyst

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13
Q

2 components of blastocyst

A

trophoblast and embryoblast

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14
Q

trophoblast

A

outer ring of cells that will develop into the chorion (placenta)

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15
Q

embryoblast

A

cluster of tightly packed cells inside the blastocyst that will form the embryo

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16
Q

pluripotent

A

can differentiate into any cell type in the human body

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17
Q

how long until the blastocyst enters the uterus?

A

one week

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18
Q

what layer does the blastocyst enter first

A

endometrium (lining of uterus)

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19
Q

by day 9, what has the blastocyst done?

A

completely burrowed into the uterine wall

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20
Q

By day 8, cells of the embryoblast differentiate into two distinct types:

A
  1. hypoblast
  2. epiblast
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21
Q

hypoblast

A

layer of small cuboidal cells facing the blastocyst cavity

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22
Q

epiblast

A

layer of columnar cells deep to the hypoblast

23
Q

together, the two layers of the embryoblast form a flat disc called the

A

bilaminar germinal/embryonic disc

24
Q

Extraembryonic membranes

A
  1. Yolk sac
  2. Amnion
  3. Chorion
25
Q

Yolk sac

A

Serves as a site for early blood cell and vessel formation (attached to hypoblast); where blood cells initially develop

26
Q

Amnion

A

Thin layer of cells that forms above and is derived from the epiblast

27
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

Fluid filled cavity that appears between the amnion and epiblast layer

28
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membrane responsible for formation of the placenta

29
Q

Placenta

A

Highly vascularized organ that serves as an interface between embryo or fetus and mother

30
Q

Embryonic portion of the placenta is the…

A

chorion

31
Q

Functions of placenta

A

-Exchange of nutrient between embryo and mother
-production of estrogen and progesterone to maintain uterine lining

32
Q

What does the embryonic period start

A

Establishment of 3 primary germ layers

33
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process by which cells from the epiblast migrate to form the primary germ layers (week 3); becomes 3 layered structure

34
Q

Gastrulation starts with

A

Formation of the primitive streak

35
Q

Primitive node

A

Cephalic end of the primitive streak

36
Q

Primitive pit

A

Depression in primitive node

37
Q

Three primary germ layers

A

-endoderm
-ectoderm
-mesoderm

38
Q

Structure is called an embryo when

A

Three primary germ layers are present

39
Q

Invagination

A

Inward movement of cells from epiblast layer through primitive streak between epiblast and hypoblast layers

40
Q

Epiblast turns into…

A

ectoderm

41
Q

Other migrating cells displace the hypoblast and become the

A

Endoderm

42
Q

All three germ layers are derived from the

A

Epiblast

43
Q

Formation of the neural tube begins with the appearance of the

A

Notocord

44
Q

Notocord

A

-derived from mesoderm
-important signaling structure

45
Q

Neurulation

A

The formation of the neural tube from overlying ectoderm cells

46
Q

The neural tube will develop into the

A

Central nervous system

47
Q

Cehalocaudal folding

A

Head and tail folding

48
Q

Transverse folding

A

Lateral folding

49
Q

Teratogens

A

Any agents that can cause congenital malformations (birth defects)

50
Q

Ectoderm consists of

A

Covering and lining; skin

51
Q

Mesoderm becomes

A

Bones and muscles

52
Q

Endoderm becomes

A

Innermost linings; digestive tract, bladder, liver, etc

53
Q

Organogenesis:

A

Organ development
-rudimentary forms of most organ systems are complete by the end of the embryonic period (week 8)

human anatomy (6 decks)

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