Cells

Question 1

What is a cell?

Answer 1

The smallest functioning unit of an organism, displays characteristics of life.

Question 2

Cell theory

Answer 2

Life comes from life.

All living things are made of cells.

Question 3

Main parts of a cell

Answer 3

Cell wall-outer non-living part of plant cells
Protoplasm- interior living portion.
1. Nucleus-brain
2. Cytoplasm-fluid part of protoplasm
3. Organelles-little organs

Question 4

Different kinds of cells

Answer 4

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Question 5

Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 5

Small, simple cells.
Lack nucleus
Lack most other organelles.
Structurally simple.
Bacteria

Question 6

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 6

Everything else…plants, animals, fungi and algae.
Have nucleus.
Have a variety of organelles

Question 7

Prokaryotic cell size

Answer 7

1-2 microns

Question 8

Eukaryotic cell size

Answer 8

10-200 microns

Question 9

Why are cells small?

Answer 9

They get their nutrients through their cell membranes.

Question 10

Cell description…

Answer 10

1. Membrane
2. Plasma membrane (specific)
3. Other membrane organelles
   E.R.
   Golgi apparatus
   Lysosomes
   Vacuoles/ Vesicles
   Nuclear membrane
   Mitochondria
   Chloroplasts
4. Nonmembranous organelles
   Ribosomes
   Cytoskeleton
   Cilia and flagella
   Inclusions
5. Nucleus

Question 11

Other cell membrane components are?

Answer 11

Proteins- surface and embedded

Cholesterol-hydrophobic
Found within the hydrophobic tails
Keeps the membrane flexible

Question 12

Plasma membrane

Answer 12

Composed of a single phospholipid bilayer

Separates the contents of the cell from environment

Question 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 13

Set of folded membranes and tubes.

Provides a large surface area for important chemical reactions

Question 14

Two types of E.R.

Answer 14

Rough- has ribosomes on its surface.
Sites of protein synthesis

Smooth- lacks ribosomes
Metabolizes fats
Detoxifies

Question 15

Golgi apparatus

Answer 15

Stacks of flattened membrane sacs.
Modifies molecules
Manufacturers polysaccharides and lipids
Packages and ships molecules

Question 16

Lysosomes

Answer 16

Made in the golgi
Vesicles containing enzymes that digest macromolecules
Destroy old, damaged organelles

Question 17

Peroxisomes

Answer 17

Helps detox harmful molecules

“ase” enzyme

Question 18

Vacuoles

Answer 18

Membrane-enclosed sacs, storage.

Large

Question 19

Vesicles

Answer 19

Membrane-enclosed sac

Smaller

Question 20

The nuclear membrane

Answer 20

Separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell.
Filled with nucleoplasm
Composed of two bilayers
Contains holes called nuclear pore complexes

Question 21

Interconversion of membranes

Answer 21

Membranes are converted from one membranous organelle to another

Question 22

Mitochondrion

Answer 22

Powerhouse of cell

Small bag with lg bag stuffed inside

Question 23

Chloroplasts

Answer 23

Mostly plants (some bacteria)
Contains chlorophyll
Performs photosynthesis

Question 24

Non membranous organelles

Answer 24

Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton 
Centrioles
Cilia flagella
Inclusions

Question 25

Ribosomes

Answer 25

Made of DNA Found free floating in cytoplasm Attached to Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

Cytoskeleton

Answer 26

Provides shape, support and movement. Made up of microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments

Question 27

Centrioles

Answer 27

Two sets of microtubules arranged at right angles to each other. Located in a region called centrosome

Question 28

Flagella

Answer 28

Hair-like projections extending from cell. Long, few in number. Moves through environment.

Question 29

Cilia

Answer 29

Hair-like projection | Small and numerous. Moves the environment past cell (like boat oars)

Question 30

Inclusions

Answer 30

Collections of miscellaneous materials "Granules" Temporary sites for the storage of nutrients and waste

Question 31

Nuclear components

Answer 31

``` Brain of cell Contains chromatin DNA and proteins Surrounded by nuclear membrane Contains one or more nucleoli Contains nucleoplasm ```

Question 32

Diffusion

Answer 32

Molecules are in constant, random motion Molecules move from areas of high concentrations to low. Involves a concentration gradient

Question 33

How quick does diffusion happen?

Answer 33

The rate of diffusion depends on the size of the molecule and the size of the concentration gradient. (The greater the concentration difference, the faster the diffusion)

Question 34

Diffusion across membranes

Answer 34

Diffusion can only happen if there is no barrier to the movement of molecules. Can only happen across a membrane that is permeable.

Question 35

Direction of diffusion

Answer 35

Determined solely by the concentration gradient. | Diffusion is passive that does not require energy input

Question 36

Osmosis

Answer 36

The diffusion of through a selectively-permeable membrane. Occurs when there is a difference in water concentration on opposite sides of the membrane. Water will move to the side where there is less water

Question 37

Hypertonic

Answer 37

Less water

Question 38

Hypotonic

Answer 38

Cell has more water | Hypo---> Mo

Question 39

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 39

Diffusion with help.

Question 40

Active transport

Answer 40

Requires energy. | Moves molecules across a membrane UP their concentration gradient

Question 41

Endocytosis

Answer 41

Moves large molecules or sets of molecules into the cell

Question 42

Phagocytosis

Answer 42

Cell eating

Question 43

Pinocytosis

Answer 43

Cell drinking

Question 44

Exocytosis

Answer 44

Moves large molecules or sets of molecules out of the cell