Cells and Control Flashcards
(46 cards)
What is produced in mitosis?
The mother cell produces two genetically identical cells to parent. It produces diploid cells. It produces body cells and is used for growth and repair.
What happens in interphase?
The DNA in the chromosome is copied ready for mitosis.
What happens in Prophase?
Chromosomes condense (coil-up tightly).
What happens in Metaphase?
The chromosome and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.
What happens in Anaphase?
The chromosomes are pulled away by spindle fibres to opposites sides of the cell.
What happens in Telophase?
The nucleus splits and two new nuclei (plural of nucleus) form.
What happens in Cytokinesis?
Before the end of telophase the cytoplasm and the cell membrane divide to make two separate cells.
Where are stem cells found?
In human embryos.
What is the function of the stem cells?
They are specialised to divide by mitosis to become new cells.
Where can stem cells be found in adults?
Bone marrow.
What are meristems specialised to do?
They produce unspecialised cells that can divide and then form any types of cells in plants. However, they can continuous generate any type of cell throughout the plants lifetime unlike stem cells.
Where can the meristems be found?
In the tips of the roots and shoots.
What can stem cells be used to cure?
It can sometimes be cure sickle cell anaemia with a bone marrow transplant.
What are the risks of using stem cells?
Tumour developments due to cells dividing quickly.
Disease transmission due to viruses living inside cells.
Rejection due to the body thinking it is a foreign cell leading to the immune system being triggered.
Ethical reasons due to people think they shouldn’t experiment on potential human life.
What are the benefits of using stem cells?
Can be used to replace damaged or diseased body parts. Unwanted embryos from fertility clinics could be used as they would otherwise be discarded.
What are the drawbacks of using stem cells?
Removal of stem cells results in destruction
of the embryo.
People may have religious or ethical
objections as it is seen as interference with
the natural process of reproduction.
What is the function of the cerebrum?
It is split into two halves known as the cerebral hemisphere. The right side controls the left side vice versa. It controls movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
It controls muscle coordination and balance.
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Controls unconscious activities like breathing and your heart rate.
What is the function of the CT scan?
It uses x-rays to passes through the brain. It shows the main structures of the brain. It shows a diseased or damaged brain.
What is the function of the PET scan?
It uses radioactive chemicals to show what parts of the brain are active when they are inside the scanner.
What is our nervous system made up of?
Neurones
What is a stimulus?
A change in the environment which are detected by sensory receptors.
Describe when a stimulus is detected by receptors.
- the information is converted to nervous electrical impulses
- then sent along the sensory neurones to the CNS
- The CNS coordinates a response
- impulses travel through the CNS along relay neurones
- The CNS sends information to the an effector (muscle / gland) along a motor neurone
- The effector then responds accordingly
- The time it takes to respond to a stimulus is called your reaction time
