Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines

Question 1

How does WHO define health

Answer 1

the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Question 2

Communicable Disease meaning

Answer 2

Diseases that can be spread between individuals

Question 3

Non-communicable Disease meaning

Answer 3

Diseases that can’t be spread between individuals

Question 4

What does it mean to be susceptible to a disease

Answer 4

An increased chance of getting the disease

Question 5

Describe the disease cholera

Answer 5

• Caused by a bacteria
• Symptoms - Diarrhoea
• Spread through contaminated water
• Prevent - drink and use safe water

Question 6

Describe the disease tuberculosis

Answer 6

• Caused by a bacteria
• Symptoms - coughing and causes lung damage
• Spread through the air when infected people cough
• Prevent - Infected should avoid crowed public areas and practise goo hygiene

Question 7

Describe the disease malaria

Answer 7

• Caused by a protist
• Symptoms - causes damage to red blood cells and to liver
• Mosquitoes they pass on the protist to humans by biting people
• Prevent - Use mosquito nets and insect repellent

Question 8

Describe the disease stomach ulcers

Answer 8

• Caused by bacteria
• Symptoms - stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
• Spread by oral transmission such as swallowing contaminated water or food
• Prevent - Have clean water supplies and hygienic living conditions

Question 9

Describe the disease ebola

Answer 9

• Caused by virus
• Symptoms - Haemorrhagic fever (fever with bleeding)
• Spread by bodily fluids
• Prevent - Isolating the infected and cleaning areas where the virus may be

Question 10

Describe the disease salmonella

Answer 10

• Caused by bacteria in uncooked food
• Symptoms - abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
• Spread by uncooked food or unhygienic food
• Prevent - Cooking food fully

Question 11

Describe the disease chalara ash dieback

Answer 11

• Caused by a fungus
• Symptoms - leaf loss and bark wounds
• Spread by through air
• Prevent - Removing infected ash trees

Question 12

Explain the structure of a virus

Answer 12

• They aren’t cells

- Has genetic material inside a coat of protein

Question 13

What are the two ways viruses can reproduce?

Answer 13

Lytic pathway and lysogenic pathway

Question 14

What is the lytic pathway?

Answer 14

• Virus attaches to host cell and inject all its genetic material into the cell
• The virus used the materials, enzymes and proteins, to replicate its genetic material and produce viruses
• The components assemble
• The host cell burst open releasing the new viruses to infect more cells

Question 15

What is the lysogenic pathway?

Answer 15

• Virus attaches to host cell and inject all its genetic material into the genome of the host cell
• The virus used the materials, enzymes and proteins, to replicate its genetic material
• No new virus are made
• The host cell divides but the virus is inactive
• When triggered the viral genetic material will leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway

Question 16

Describe the disease HIV

Answer 16

• Kills white blood cells
• Will lead to AIDS
• Deteriorates a persons immune system and will eventually fail
• Can make people more susceptible to infections by other pathogens
• Passed by bodily fluids

Question 17

Describe the disease chlamydia

Answer 17

• A bacterium
• Can only reproduce in a host cell
• It can cause infertility in men and women
• Can be reduced if you practise safe sex i.e. wearing condoms
• An infected person should avoid sexual contact

Question 18

What are antigens?

Answer 18

They are found on pathogens. They are specific to the pathogen.

Question 19

What are antibodies?

Answer 19

They are found on lymphocytes. They are specific to the lymphocytes.

Question 20

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 20

Special white blood cells that are used to combat pathogens if they get into the body.

Question 21

What is herd immunity?

Answer 21

When a high percentage of the community is immune to a disease.

Question 22

How does a vaccine work?

Answer 22

An inactive or weak version of the disease is injected into the body. The immune system will detect this and will begin to release lymphocytes which attack the disease. There will be some memory lymphocytes left behind so when the person gets the actual disease the immune system will be able to attack the disease faster.

Question 23

What does antibiotics treat?

Answer 23

They slow down or stop the growth of bacteria. E.g . penicillin

Question 24

What does antibiotics treat?

Answer 24

They slow down or stop the growth of bacteria. E.g . penicillin

Question 25

What is the process of clinical trials?

Answer 25

Starts by testing medicine on tissue cells or cells to see if it can get into diseased cells and has desired effect. Then tested on on animals to see if the medicine affects the body system Then a small clinical trial to find out whether the medicine is safe for humans to take and that the harmful side effects are limited. A large clinical trail is held to find out the right amount of medicine to use and whether different people have different side effects.

Question 26

What is the double-blind trail?

Answer 26

When patients are given the new drug or is given a placebo (a non-harmful substance that dies nothing) and nor the patient or doctor know until the results have been gathered.

Question 27

What do we do the double-blind trail?

Answer 27

Due to the placebo effect, patients will expect the treatment to work and so they will feel better even though the treatment is doing nothing. This is so there is no bias results.

Question 28

Describe the deficiency disease Kwashiorkor

Answer 28

CAUSE- lack of protein SYMPTOMS- enlarged belly, small muscles and lack of growth GOOD SOURCES - meat, fish, dairy, eggs and pulses

Question 29

Describe the deficiency disease scurvy

Answer 29

CAUSE - lack of vitamin C SYMPTOMS - swelling, bleeding gums, muscle and joint pains and tiredness GOOD SOURCES - citrus fruits and some vegetables

Question 30

Describe the deficiency disease rickets / asteomalacia

Answer 30

CAUSE - lack of vitamin D and calcium SYMPTOMS - soft bones, curved leg bones GOOD SOURCES - fish and diary products

Question 31

Describe the deficiency disease anaemia

Answer 31

CAUSE - lack of iron SYMPTOMS - red blood cells are smaller than normal GOOD SOURCES - red meat , dark green leafy vegetables and egg yolks

Question 32

waist-to-hip ratio

Answer 32

waist circumference / hip circumference

Question 33

What is cardiovascular disease?

Answer 33

Any disease associated with your heart and blood vessels.

Question 34

What is the function of the arteries?

Answer 34

Carry blood vessels away from the heart.

Question 35

what is the cardiovascular disease?

Answer 35

Any diseases to do with the heart or blood vessels

Question 36

What causes CVD?

Answer 36

- Cholesterol that builds up in the arteries

Question 37

What do people with CVD do to their lifestyles?

Answer 37

- exercise more | - healthy diet

Question 38

What does statins do for CVD?

Answer 38

- They reduce the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream - It slows the rate at which fatty deposits from - It reduces the risk or heart attacks and strokes - can aching muscles or even liver damage

Question 39

What does Anticoagulants do for CVD?

Answer 39

- Drugs that make blood clots more likely | - Can excessive bleeding if someone is hurt in an accident

Question 40

What does Antihypertensive do for CVD?

Answer 40

- Reduce blood pressure - Prevents damage to blood vessels and reduces the risk of fatty acids forming - can cause headaches and fainting

Question 41

What does stents do for CVD?

Answer 41

- tubes inserted into the arteries to keep them open to make sure blood passes to the heart muscles - lowers the risk of heart attacks - they need to take drugs to stop blood clotting on the stent

Question 42

What is coronary bypass surgery?

Answer 42

- if blood vessel is blocked they can take a healthy vessel and can be used to bypass the blocked section

Question 43

What causes a trigger in the lysogenic pathway?

Answer 43

- The presence of a chemical