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Cells And Histology Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of diseased tissue

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2
Q

4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial characteristics

A
  1. Covers all body surface
  2. Major tissue of glands
  3. Reproduce rapidly
  4. Tightly packed
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4
Q

Epithelial structure

A
  1. One side is free

2. Other side is attached to connective tissue by basement membrane

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5
Q

Epithelial classification

A

Simple- one layer of cells

Stratified- multiple layers of cells

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6
Q

Epithelial classification

A

Squamous- thin and flat
Cuboidal- cube shaped
Columnar- elongated

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7
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

S: single layer of thin, flat cells
F: diffusion and filtration
L: air sacs, walls of capillaries, inside of blood and lymph vessels

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8
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

S: single layer, cube-shaped
F: secretion and absorption
L: covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, and gland ducts (salivary, pancreas, liver)

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9
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A 
S: single layer, elongated
F: absorption 
L: lining of digestive tract 
*microvilli
*goblet cells
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10
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

S: appear layered but are not
F: trap and move foreign particles and move sex cells
L: lines respiratory and reproductive passages
*cilia

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11
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A 
S: outermost layer is thin, flat; deep layers cuboidal or columnar 
F: keratinized: dry protective coating
Non-keratinized: moist and protective 
L: K= skin
Not k= esophagus, mouth, vagina
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12
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

S: changes, squamous and cuboidal depending on stretching
F: expandable lining and barrier
L: urinary bladder, part of urethra

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13
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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14
Q

Skeletal

A

S: striated, multi-nucleated, long & cylindrical
F: voluntary movement, facial expression
L: on the skeleton

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15
Q

Cardiac

A

S: striated, branching, uninucleated
F: propels blood into circulation
L: walls of the heart

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16
Q

Smooth

A

S: spindle-shape with central nucleus
F: propels substances along internal passageways
L: walls of hollow organs

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17
Q

Nervous

A

S: neurons, looks like kites
F: transmit signals from receptor to effectors
L: brain, spine, cord, nerves

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18
Q

Connective tissue:

A
  1. Found everywhere in the body
  2. Most abundant and widely distributed
  3. Functions: connects, supports, provides protection
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19
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue:

A

All types come from embryonic Mesenchyme
variations in blood supply
Some well vascular used, some poor, some avascular

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20
Q

3 components of connective tissue:

A
  1. Ground substance(water, proteins, polysaccharides)
  2. Fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
  3. Cells (1+2= extra cellular matrix)
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21
Q

Areolar

A

S: gel-like matrix with three fibers
F: wraps, cushions organs
L: surrounds capillaries, under epithelia of body

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22
Q

Adipose

A

S: matrix, closely packed
F: provides fuel food, supports/ protects organs
L: under skin, around kidneys/eyeballs, breasts

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23
Q

Reticular

A

S: network of fibers in a loose ground substance
F: soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types
L: lymphoid organs (spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes)

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24
Q

Dense regular

A

S: collagen fibers, elastin fibers, major fibroblast
F: attaches muscle to bones, bones to bones
L: tendons, ligaments

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25
Dense irregular
S: irregularly arranged collagen F: structural strength L: dermis of the skin
26
Hyaline cartilage
S: Chondrocytes, amorphous but firm F: supports and reinforces between bones L: embryonic skeleton, join cavities, ribs, nose, trachea
27
Elastic cartilage
S: more elastic fibers in matrix than hyaline F: maintains shape of structures while allowing flexibility L: external ear, epiglottis
28
Fibrocartilage
S: thick collagen fibers F: strength with ability to absorb compressive shock L: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee joints
29
Bone
S: hard, calcified matrix F: support, protection, levers for muscle L: bones
30
Blood
S: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix F: transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes L: blood vessels * 1000 red blood cells to 1 white
31
2 ways to repair tissue
Regeneration, fibrosis
32
What determines type of repair
1. Type of tissue damaged | 2. Severity of injury
33
Steps of repair
1. Inflammation 2. Organization 3. Regeneration and fibrosis
34
6 factors affecting repair process
1. Adequacy of blood supply 2. Type of tissue injured 3. Type of injury&immediate care given 4. Nutrition 5. State of health 6. Age
35
Epithelial
Regenerates very well
36
Bone and most fibrous connective
Regenerate well
37
Smooth muscle and Dense regular
Limited regeneration
38
Skeletal muscle and cartilage
Regenerate poorly
39
Cardiac muscle and tissue
Don't regenerate at all
40
3 main regions of a cell
Nucleus Plasma membrane Cytoplasm
41
3 regions of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin
42
Nuclear envelope
Barrier of nucleus Consists a double membrane Nuclear pores allow exchange of material with the rest of the cell
43
Nucleoli
Site of ribosome assembly Contains one or more Ribosomes migrate through nuclear pores into cytoplasm
44
Chromatin
Composed of DNA and protein Present when cell isn't dividing Condense to form chromosomes Scattered throughout nucleus
45
Plasma membrane
Barrier for cell Double phospholipid layer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails) Also contains proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins
46
Microvilli
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
47
Tight junctions
Impermeable | Bind cells together into leakproof sheets
48
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions | Prevent cells from being pulled apart
49
Gap junctions
Allows communication between cells
50
Cytoplasm
Material outside nucleus, inside membrane
51
Cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements
52
Organelles
Machinery of the cell
53
Inclusions
Chemical substances
54
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of cell Change shape continuously Provides ATP for cellular energy
55
Ribosomes
Made of protein and rNA Sites of protein synthesis Free in cytoplasm or in the rough ER
56
Endoplasmic reticulum
Fluid filled tubules for carrying substances Rough: Studded with ribosomes Synthesizes proteins Smooth: metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
57
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins | Produces secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, lysosomes
58
Lysosomes
Contains enzymes that digest worn out materials
59
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes: Detoxify Break down highly reactive chemicals Replicate by pinching in half
60
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structure | Provides cell with internal framework
61
Cytoskeleton elements
Microfilaments (smallest) Intermediate filaments Microtubules (largest)
62
Centrioles
Rod shaped made of micro tubules | Direct formation of mitosis spindle during cell division
63
Cilia
Located in respiratory system to move mucus
64
Flagella
Only flagellated cell is sperm
65
Passive transport
No energy involved
66
Active transport
Cell must provide ATP
67
Diffusion
High to low concentration
68
Simple diffusion
Solutes pass through membrane pores
69
Osmosis
Water crosses membrane
70
Facilitated diffusion
Transports large substances | Requires a protein carrier
71
Filtration
Pressure gradient exists
72
Solute pumping
Substances are moved against concentration gradients
73
Exocytosis
Moves materials out of cell
74
Endocytosis
Substances being brought into the cell
75
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
76
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
77
Interphase
Cell grows, carries on metabolic processes
78
Cell division
Replicates itself
79
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
80
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
81
Prophase
Centrioles migrate to poles | Nuclear envelope disappears
82
Metaphase
Chromosomes are aligned in the center of cell
83
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled apart, cell begins to elongate
84
Telophase
Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin, nuclear envelope around chromatin, spindles break down and disappear
85
Cytokinesis
Pinches cell into two
86
Two goes of a tumor
Benign: rarely deadly Malignant: cancerous, can spread
87
Causes of a mutation
Carcinogens: radiation, viruses chemicals
88
Cancer management
1. Diagnosis: self exam, biopsy 2. Staging: 1 to 4 3. Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy
89
Female cancer death
1. Lung 2. Breast 3. Colon and rectum 4. Pancreas 5. Ovary
90
Male cancer death
1. Lung 2. Prostate 3. Colon and rectum 4. Pancreas 5. Leukemia
91
Histology
The study of tissue

Anatomy (2 decks)

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