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Cells And Microscopy Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

State the two types of cells.

A

-Eukaryotic (animals and plants
-Prokaryotic

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2
Q

What is the difference between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic - contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotic- doesn’t

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3
Q

List 5 components of both plant and animal cells

A

-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
-Cell membrane
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes

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4
Q

How is genetic information stored in a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Within the nucleus, arranged in chromosomes

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5
Q

Other than storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cellular activities

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm.

A

Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients

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7
Q

What’s the function of cytoplasm?

A

Site of cellular reactions e.g first stage of respiration

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8
Q

What’s the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell

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9
Q

What’s the function of mitochondria?

A

Later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced

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10
Q

What’s the function of ribosomes?

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation

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11
Q

What 3 organelles are found in plant cells only?

A

-Large, permanent vacuole
-Cell wall
-Chloroplasts

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12
Q

What’s the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

What’s the function of the cell wall?

A

-provides strength
-prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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14
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

A solution of salts, sugars and organic acids

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15
Q

What’s the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity

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16
Q

What’s the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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17
Q

What are the 6 organelles found in Prokaryotic cells?

A

-Chromosomal DNA
-Plasmid DNA
-Cell wall
-Cell membrane
-Ribosomes
-Flagella

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18
Q

What are plasmids?

A

-small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA
-carry genes that provide genetic advantages

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19
Q

What’s flagellum?

A

Enables bacteria to move

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20
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

Cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (half the number of chromosomes)
E.g 23 chromosomes in humans

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21
Q

What’s a diploid cell?

A

Cell that contains two copies of each chromosome
E.g 46 chromosomes in humans

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22
Q

What are gamates?

A

-Reproductive cells (egg and sperm cells)
-They are haploid cells

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23
Q

How are egg cells adapted to their function?

A

-haploid nucleus contains genetic material
-mitochondria in cytoplasm produce energy for the developing embryo
-cytoplasm contains nutrients
-cell membrane hardens after fertilisation

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24
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

Study These Flashcards
A

-haploid nucleus contains genetic information
-tail enables movement
-mitochondria provides energy for tail movement
-acrosomes contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane

25
How can the magnification of an image be calculated?
Magnification = size of image/ size of specimen
26
How do light microscopes work?
Passes a beam of light through which travels through the eyepiece lens
27
What are 4 advantages of light microscopes?
-inexpensive -easy to use -portable -observe both living and dead specimens
28
What is a disadvantages of light microscopes?
Limited resolution
29
How does an electron microscope work?
Uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets, electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image
30
What’s an advantage of an electron microscope?
Greater magnification and resolution
31
What are 4 disadvantages of an electron microscope?
-expensive -large so less portable -require training to use -only dead specimens can be observed
32
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves
33
What’s an advantage of enzymes in the body?
They enable cellular reactions to take place at lower temperatures
34
What is the active site of an enzyme?
Substrate molecule binds and the reaction takes place
35
Why are enzymes described as having a ‘high specificity’ for their substrate?
Only substrates with a specific, complementary shape can fit into an enzymes active site
36
Describe the ‘lock and key’ model?
-substrate collides with the active site of an enzyme -substrate binds, enzyme-substrate complex forms -substrate converted to products -products released from the active site which is now free to bind to another substrate
37
What factors affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?
-temperature -pH -substrate concentration
38
Explain how increasing temperature initially affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
-as temp increases molecules have more KE -movement of molecules increases -probablility of a successful collision increases -more enzyme-substrate complexes form -rate of reaction increases
39
Explain how increasing temperature above the optimum affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
-temp increases above optimum -increased vibrations break bonds in enzymes structure -active site changes shape, enzyme is denatured -no enzyme-substrate complexes can form -rate of reaction decreases
40
How can the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction be calculated when given a value for time?
Rate= 1/ time
41
What are the units for rate?
S^-1
42
Why must large organic molecules be broken down into smaller, simple molecules in the body?
-large molecules are too big to be absorbed across the surface of the gut wall -large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules for absorption into the bloodstream
43
Give an example of the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules in plants.
Starch is broken down by enzymes into simple sugars which are respired to release energy
44
What type of molecules are proteins are carbohydrates?
Polymers
45
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars
46
Which group of enzymes catalyses the breakdown of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrases
47
Which type of carbohydrase catalyses the breakdown of starch?
Amylase
48
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
49
Which type of enzyme catalyses the breakdown of proteinss.
Proteases
50
What is the function of lipases?
Enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
51
Which enzyme catalyses the formation of glycogen from glucose?
Glycogen synthase
52
What is simple diffusion?
The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
53
What molecules enter and leave cells via simple diffusion through the cell membrane?
Small molecules e.g oxygen, water, glucose, amino acids
54
What 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion?
-temperature -concentration gradient -surface area of cell membrane
55
Define osmosis.
The net movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane
56
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
57
How is percentage change in mass calculated?
% change = final mass-initial mass/ initial mass x 100
58
What’s the role of the nucleus?
Controls cells activities

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