Cells and Organs involved in Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
B-cell receptors (BRCs)
A
B cells
2
Q
T cell receptors (TCRs)
A
T cells
3
Q
Synthesize or secrete antibody into the bloodstream
A
B cells
4
Q
Humoral immunity
A
B cells
5
Q
Response is as varied as the T-CELL SUBSETS AND CYTOKINES they produce
A
T cells
6
Q
Cellular immunity
A
T cells
7
Q
Enumerate the primary lymphoid organs
A
Bone marrow and thymus
8
Q
LARGEST TISSUE of the body weighing 1300-1500g (adult) that FILLS THE CORE OF LONG BONES
A
Bone marrow
9
Q
What is the main source of bone marrow?
A
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS of the blood cell lines
10
Q
T cells, B cells, and NK cells arise from what common precursor?
A
Common lymphoid precursor (CLP)
11
Q
Site for T CELLS MATURATION
A
Thymus
12
Q
Small, flat, BILOBED organ found on the THORAX that weighs and ave. of 30g at birth, reaches about 35g at puberty, and then gradually ATROPHIES
A
Thymus
13
Q
Enumerate the secondary lymphoid organs
A
Spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, tonsils, appendix, cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue
14
Q
Once differentiation occurs, mature T and B lymphocytes are released from (1)___ and (2) ___ then migrate to (3) _______________ and become part of a RECIRCULATING POOL
A
(1) bone marrow (2) thymus (3) secondary lymphoid organs
15
Q
Where activation of lymphocytes occurs
A
Secondary lymphoid organs
16
Q
LARGEST SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGAN
A
Spleen
17
Q
An organ approximately 12cm in size and weighs 150g (adult) and is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen
A
Spleen
18
Q
LARGE DISCRIMINATING FILTER as it removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood
A
Spleen
19
Q
PART OF THE SPLEEN that makes up >1/2 of total volume; DESTROYS OLD RBCs
A
Red pulp
20
Q
PART OF THE SPLEEN approximately 20% of total weight of spleen and CONTAINS THE LYMPHOID TISSUE
A
White pulp
21
Q
White pulp is how many percent of total weight of spleen?
A
20%
22
Q
Located along lymphatic ducts; serves as CENTRAL COLLECTING POINTS FOR LYMPH FLUID from adjacent tissues
A
Lymph nodes
23
Q
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
A
Generation of B-cell memory
24
Q
Primary function is generation of B-cell memory
A
Lymph nodes
25
The ACCUMULATION OF LYMPHOCYTES AND OTHER CELLS causing ENLARGEMENT OF LYMPH NODES
Lymphadenopathy
26
Mainly localized in the paracortex (region between the follicles and medulla)
T lymphocytes
27
Antigen-presenting cells
Interdigitating cells
28
These are in close proximity to antigen presenting cells called interdigitating cells
T lymphocytes
29
LESS DENSEly populated but CONTAINS SOME T CELLS, MACROPHAGES, and numerous PLASMA CELLS
Medulla
30
Outer most layer of the lymph nodes
Cortex
31
Contains macrophages and aggregation of B cells in PRIMARY FOLLICLES similar to those found in spleen. These are the MATURE, RESTING B CELLS and that HAVE NOT BEEN YET EXPOSED TO ANTIGENS
Cortex
32
Specialized cells located in the cortex
Follicular dendritic cells
33
EXHIBIT large no. of RECEPTORS for antibody and complement and HELP to CAPTURE ANTIGEN PRESENT TO T AND B CELLS
Follicular dendritic cells
34
Consist of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells
Secondary follicles
35
INTERIOR of SECONDARY follicle; this is WHERE BLAST TRANSFORMATION of the B CELLS TAKES PLACE
Germinal center
36
Found in the GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts ; WHERE MACROPHAGES AND LYMPHOCYTES ARE LOCALIZED at some of the MAIN PORTS OF ENTRY FOR FOREIGN ANTIGEN
MALT
37
Specialized type of MALT located at the lower ileum of the intestinal tract
Payer's patches
38
Found un the mucous membrane lining the oral and pharyngeal cavities ; RESPOND TO PATHOGENS ENTERING THE RESPIRATORY AND ALIMENTARY TRACTS
Tonsils
39
An additional location of lymphoid tissue ; function as POTENTIAL SITES FOR CONTACT WITH FOREIGN ANTIGENS ; INCREASE THE PROBABILITY OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Appendix
40
Epidermis contains a number of?
Intraepidermal lymphocytes
41
Epidermis contains intraepidermal lymphocytes ; most of these are T cells UNIQUELY POSITIONED TO COMBAT ANTIGENS THAT ENTERS THROUGH SKIN
Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue
42
Proteins that appear on cell surfaces can be used as markers to?
Differentiate T cells and B cells
43
Appear on cell surfaces, used as markers to differentiate T cells and B cells
Proteins / Surface markers
44
Also used to DISTINGUISH DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES of T cells and B cells according to when it appears
Proteins / Surface markers
45
Reference in standardizing names of membrane proteins found on all human WBCs
Cluster of Differentiation
46
Correceptor for MHC class II ; RECEPTOR FOR HIV
CD4
47
Enumerate the stages in B cell differentiation
Pro-B cells, Pre-B cells, Immature B cells, Mature B cells, (Activated B cells), Plasma cells
48
Has distinctive markers that include surface antigens CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and c-Kit
Pro-B cells
49
Enumerate the surface antigens in Pro-B cells
CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, c-Kit
50
When SYNTHESIS OF HEAVY CHAIN part of the antibody molecule occurs
Pre-B cells
51
FIRST HEAVY CHAINS SYNTHESIZED belonging to the class of immunoglobulins called IgM accompanied by unusual light chain called surrogate light chain
u chains (mu chains)
52
Unusual light chain
Surrogate light chain
53
Once pre-B receptor is expressed, neighboring pre-B cells may send signals for further maturation
True
54
Distinguished by the appearance of COMPLETE IgM molecules on cell surface
Immature B cells
55
Immature B cells: COMPLETION OF LIGHT CHAIN REARRANGEMENT commits a cell to PRODUCE an antibody molecule WITH SPECIFICITY for a particular antigen or group of related antigens
True
56
Occur on BOTH LIGHT AND HEAVY CHAINS ; DETERMINE SPECIFICITY
Various regions
57
Enumerate the surface proteins that appears on immature B cells
CD21, CD40, and MHC class II
58
Immature B cells leave the bone marrow and proceed to seed the spleen and other secondary lymphoid organs
True
59
Where immature B cells develop into mature cells
Spleen
60
Mature B cells which REMAIN IN SPLEEN in order TO RESPOND QUICKLY to any bloodborne PATHOGENS
Marginal zone B cells
61
Mature B cells found in lymph nodes and other secondary organs (constantly recirculating throughout secondary lymphoid organs)
Follicular B cells
62
Antigen-dependent activation of B cells
Activated B cells
63
Antigen-dependent activation of B cells takes place in the ______ of peripheral lymphoid tissue
Primary follicles
64
Activated B cells exhibit identifying markers including?
CD25
65
A surface marker FOUND ON BOTH ACTIVATED T CELLS AND B CELLS and ACTS AS RECEPTOR FOR IL-2
CD25
66
When B cells are ACTIVATED, they TRANSFROM INTO BLASTS that will GIVE RISE TO BOTH PLASMA CELLS and MEMORY CELLS
True
67
Spherical or ellipsoidal cells ; 10 and 20um in size ; characterized by the PRESENCE OF ABUNDANT CYTOPLASMIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN and LITTLE TO NO SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN
Plasma cells
68
Represents the most fully differentiated lymphocyte
Plasma cells
69
Main function is ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Plasma cells
70
Where plasma cells are located
Germinal centers
71
Plasma cells are NOT normally found in the blood but are LOCATED IN GERMINAL CENTERS in the peripheral lymphoid organ or they reside in BM
True
72
Plasma cells (found elsewhere) are NONDIVIDING and after several days of antibody production, they DIE WITHOUT FURTHER PROLIFERATION
True
73
Found in GERMINAL CENTERS ; have MUCH LONGER LIFE SPAN ; REPRESENT PROGENY OF ANTIGEN-STIMULATED B CELLS that are CAPABLE OF RESPONDING TO ANTIGEN WITH INCREASED SPEED AND INTENSITY
Memory cells
74
Similar in appearance to unstimulated B cells ; REMAIN IN ACTIVATED STATE FOR MONTHS OR YEARS ; READY TO RESPOND to initial antigen
Memory cells
75
How many percent of circulating lymphocytes in the peripheral blood are T cells?
60-80%
76
T cell differentiation occurs in?
Thymus
77
These are EARLY surface markers on THYMOCYTES (lymphocyte precursors) COMMITTED TO BECOMING T CELLS
CD44 and CD25
78
Maturation is an elaborate process that takes place over _____ period
3 weeks
79
Interaction with stromal cells under the influence of cytokines, esp. IL-7, is CRITICAL for growth and differentiation
True
80
Lack CD4 and CD8 markers
Double-negative stage
81
Express both CD4 and CD8 antigens
Double-positive stage
82
Exhibit only one type of marker, either CD4 or CD8
Mature T cells
83
Survivors of selection exhibit only one type of marker, either CD4 or CD8 and they MIGRATE TO MEDULLA
Mature T cells
84
Recognize antigen along with MHC class II protein
CD4+ T cells
85
Interact with antigen and MHC class I protein
CD8+ T cells
86
T cells bearing CD4 receptor
Helper or inducer cells
87
Cytotoxic T cells
CD8-positive
88
Released from the thymus and seed peripheral lymphoid organs
Mature T cells
89
Have a lifespan of up to several yrs in peripheral organs
Resting T cells
90
Lymphocytes that DO NOT EXPRESS the MARKERS of either T cells or B cells
NK cells
91
IL that plays a critical role in NK cell development
IL-15
92
LARGER THAN T CELLS AND B CELLS ; contain KIDNEY-SHAPED nuclei with condensed chromatin and prominent nucleoli
NK cells
93
_______ percent of circulating lymphoid pool and found mainly in spleen and peripheral blood
NK cells ; 5-10%
94
Have the ability to MEDIATE CYTOLYTIC REACTIONS and KILL TARGET CELLS WITHOUT PRIOR EXPOSURE to them
NK cells
95
play an important role as TRANSITIONAL CELL bridging innate and acquired response to pathogens
NK cells
96
The fact that NK cells LACK SPECIFICITY in their response is essential to their function as early defenders against. This GIVES TIME for the ACQUIRED RESPONSE OF SPECIFIC T AND B CELLS TO BE ACTIVATED
True
97
This allows NK cells to ATTACH AND LYSE any cells coated with antibody
CD16
98
PRODUCE MORE CYTOKINES and HELP SUPPORT ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
High level CD56 and low or no CD16
99
Have HIGHER CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY
some CD56 and high levels CD16
100
NK cell activity is stimulated by exposure to cytokines such as ____, ____, and _____.
IL-12, interferon gamma, and interferon beta
101
Rise rapidly during VIRAL INFECTION ; able to RESPOND EARLY during infection
NK cells
102
Activity peak of NK cells well before antibody production or a cytotoxic T cell response
3 days
103
Mature B cells and that have NOT YET BEEN EXPOSED TO ANTIGEN
Antigen-independent phase
104
B cell STIMULATED BY ANTIGEN undergoes TRANSFORMATION TO BLAST STAGE that eventually forms memory cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells
Antigen-dependent phase
