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RUSVM Immunology > Cells and Organs of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Organs of the Immune System Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense?

A
  1. Skin, MM, chemicals (innate)
  2. Phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever (innate)
  3. Lymphocytes, antibodies (adaptive)
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2
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes

A

WBC with cytoplasmic granules
produced in bone marrow
classified based on H&E stain

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3
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Basophils (granules stain dark blue)
Eosinophils (granules stain red)
Neutrophils (granules stain neutral pink)

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4
Q

Characteristics of basophils

A

Defend against parasites
Allergic/inflammatory reactions
Toxic granules
Express adhesion molecules (LFA-1, Mac-1, CD44)

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5
Q

Characteristics of eosinophils

A

Defend against parasites - kill Ab coated parasites

Allergic reactions

Respond to chemokines secreted by neutrophils/lymphocytes

Toxic granules

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6
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils

A 
Most numerous innate immune cell
Band-shaped nucleus when immature
Segmented nucleus when mature
Circulate in blood
Phagocytosis and degradation
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7
Q

What can a high ANC (absolute neutrophil count) indicate?

*Neutrophilia

A

Kidney failure or bacterial infection

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8
Q

What can a low ANC indicate?

*Neutropenia

A

Leukemia or bone marrow damage

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9
Q

Similar to basophilic leukocytes, _____ are generated in the bone marrow and have CD34+ precursor cells.

A

Mast cells

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10
Q

Two types of mast cells

A

CT mast cell - local allergic reactions

Mucosal - In areas of body exposed to external env (Lungs, digestive tract, mouth, nose)

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11
Q

Activated function of mast cells

A

Release granules containing histamine - mediate allergic reactions

Defend against parasites

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12
Q

Monocytes vs macrophages location

A

Monocytes - in blood

Macrophages - in tissue

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13
Q

Function of macrophages/monocytes

A

Phagocytosis and Ag presentation

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14
Q

Examples of tissue-specific macrophages

A

Bone - osteoclasts
Nervous - microglial cells
Liver - Kupffer cells
Histiocytes

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15
Q

Do macrophages always create an immune response while functional?

A

No, they also perform housekeeping functions such as recycling dead RBCs

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16
Q

Which cells recognize and kill virus-infected or tumor cells, and have features of both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Natural Killer cells

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17
Q

What do the granules of the natural killer cells do?

A

Proteins form holes in the target cell and cause apoptosis

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18
Q

How do natural killer cells regulate the immune response?

A

Activate dendritic cells, T-cells, and macrophages

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19
Q

______ are specialized sentinel cells that move around and respond to their environment, presenting Ag to T cells.

A

Dendritic cells

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20
Q

Which immune cells promote self-tolerance?

A

Dendritic cells

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21
Q

What is special about plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)?

A

Have the ability to secrete large amounts of type 1 interferons upon activation through TLR7 and TLR9

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22
Q

Which lymphocytes are part of the humoral immune response, mature in the bone marrow, bind Ag and generate Ab?

A

B lymphocytes

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23
Q

3 major roles of antibodies

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A

neutralization - bind virulence factors, pathogen cannot infect host cells

opsonization - (covers patho)- alerts neutrophils and macrophages to engulf and digest pathogen

complement activation - directly destroy or lyse pathogens. MAC.

24
Q

Which lymphocytes mature in the thymus, are part of the cellular immune response?

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A

T lymphocytes

25
2 categories of T cells
CD8+ - cytotoxic - kill infected or cancer cells CD4+ - Helper T - (Th1, Th2, Th17, tregs)
26
Function of Th1 cells
coordinate immune responses against intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa) produce and secrete cytokines to activate macrophages
27
Function of Th2 cells
Coordinate immune response against extracellular pathogens (helminths) Alert B cells, granulocytes and mast cells
28
Function of Th17 cells
produce interleukin 17, activating immune and non-immune cells protect surfaces (skin, gut) against extracellular bacteria recruit neutrophils and CDT+8 cytotoxic cells summon immune strike against cancer
29
What do Tregs (regulatory T cells) do?
Monitor and inhibit activity of other T cells via inhibitory cytokines
30
Molecules that activate receptors and may be free-floating or membrane-bound
Ligands
31
Immune cells can dispatch specific instructions by altering the expression and density of what 2 things?
receptors and ligands
32
Small proteins involved in cell growth, activation, etc
cytokines
33
Function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
expressed on innate immune cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) recognize microbial patterns, essential for innate immune cell activation and inflammatory responses
34
BCRs and TCRs recognize...
foreign antigens
35
C3a and C5 (complement) are chemoattractants that recruit what type of cell to inflammatory sites?
neutrophils
36
Areas of lymphoid production in fetus
yolk sac fetal liver omentum
37
Primary lymphoid organs (development)
bone marrow thymus Bursa of Fabricius
38
Secondary lymphoid organs (response)
speen lymph nodes Peyer's patches non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue
39
While T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, B lymphocytes can mature in what places depending on species?
Bursa- birds Bone marrow- primates and rodents Intestinal lymphoid tissue- rabbits, dogs, pigs
40
Which part of the thymus contains most of the thymocytes?
cortex
41
What are thymosins, thymopoietins, thymulin, and thymostimulins?
thymic hormones that work with cytokines to regulate maturation of T lymphocytes in the thymus
42
While maturing in the thymus, which thymocytes will be destroyed via apoptosis?
Thymocytes with receptors that bind strongly to self-antigens Thymocytes that cannot bind MHC II molecules
43
Where is the Bursa of Fabricius found?
In birds only, before the cloaca. Each follicle has cortex and medulla. Cortex contains lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages.
44
Function of Bursa of Fabricius
Maturation and differentiation of Ab forming cells Neg and Pos selection of B lymphocytes
45
Development timing of secondary lymphoid organs (capsulated and non-capsulated)
Develop late in fetal life Persist into adult life *surgical removal does not impair immune capability
46
Function of secondary lymphoid organs
DC's trap and process Ag, and present them to lymphocytes
47
Things to know about lymph nodes
Filter lymph to trap Ag Cortex contains B lymphocytes in germinal centers Paracortex contains T cells and DCs
48
In what direction do afferent and efferent lymph vessels flow?
Afferent - into the node (carries lymphocytes, DCs and Ag) Efferent - out of node
49
What is the principle function of lymph nodes?
Facilitate interaction between DCs and B/T lymphocytes. (so B and T cells find the correct antigen they were meant to react to)
50
2 types of tissue in the spleen
Red pulp - blood filtering and RBC storage | White pulp - lymphocytes, immune induction
51
Functions of the spleen
Filters blood for pathogens, debris, old blood cells Stores RBCs, platelets Recycles Fe++
52
Peyer's Patches in the ileum are PRIMARY lymphoid organs (B cell development) in which species? *secondary in other species
Ruminants Pigs Dogs Rabbits
53
Function of M cells covering Peyer's Patches
Sample Ag from the intestine and pass them into the germinal center so B lymphocytes can react
54
Peyer's Patches undergo involution EXCEPT in these 2 species:
Rabbits and rodents
55
These non-encapsulated lymphoid aggregates line the mucosal surfaces of the body and make up a large portion of total lymphoid tissue
MALT GALT - gastrointestinal BALT - bronchial NALT - nasal CALT - conjunctiva
56
What is the best known mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue?
GALT inductive site of intestinal immune response effector site of intestinal immune response
57
What's up with Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)?
Cells that are of lymphoid origin but function as innate immune cells. Don't have BCR or TCR Secrete high conc of cytokines Localized to mucosal surfaces 3 groups

RUSVM Immunology (4 decks)

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