Inflammation

Question 1

Defense reaction of living tissue against damage, aimed at removing the cause of injury and repairing the tissue

Answer 1

Inflammation

Question 2

Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of ______ in the injured tissue

Answer 2

macrophages

Question 3

Exogenous causes of inflammation

Answer 3

Physical - mechanical or thermal agents
Chemical - gases, acids
Biological - bacteria, viruses, parsites

Question 4

Endogenous causes of inflammation

Answer 4

Circulation - thrombosis, infarction, hemorrhage

Metabolic - uric acid, urea

Question 5

What are the hallmark signs of inflammation?

Answer 5

CALOR - heat
RUBOR - redness
TUMOR - swelling
DOLOR - pain
FUNCTIO LAESA - loss of function

Question 6

Stages in the development of inflammation

Answer 6

Vasodilation increases the temperature (calor/heat)

Large volume of blood in the area causes hyperaemia (rubor/redness)

Vascular permeability causes leakage of fluids and leads to edema (tumor/swelling)

Leukocytes extravasate, phagocytose pathogens, and release mediators which may induce pain (dolor)

Injured tissue is usually eliminated from normal function (functio laesa)

Question 7

Mediators of inflammation (7)

Answer 7

Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Complement components
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Vasoactive amines
Platelet activating factor
Plasma proteases

Question 8

TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 are all ______ ______ released within the first minutes after injury

Answer 8

pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 9

Cytokines that induce fever and stress hormone production

Answer 9

TNFa (tumor necrosis factor alpha)

IL-1 (interleukin-1)

Question 10

IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 are responsible for

Answer 10

promoting chemotaxis
inducing extravasation of granulocytes
degranulation of neutrophils

Question 11

Complement components that increase vascular permeability and stimulate chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Answer 11

C3a and C5a

Question 12

_______ contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain, and fever during inflammation.

Answer 12

Prostaglandins

Question 13

LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are all

Answer 13

leukotrienes

Question 14

Leukotrienes that induce smooth muscle contraction

Answer 14

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Question 15

Leukotriene that functions as a chemoattractant of neutrophils

Answer 15

LTB4

Question 16

2 vasoactive amines

Answer 16

histamine and serotonin

Question 17

Functions of vasoactive amines

Answer 17

dilation and increased permeability of capillaries

Question 18

Functions of platelet activating factor (PAF)

Answer 18

induce platelet aggregation
activate neutrophils
attract eosinophils
efflux of plasma proteins = edema

Question 19

Plasma proteases that increase capillary permeability and are the main mediators of pain

Answer 19

Kinins (bradykinin)

Question 20

2 important stages/responses of inflammation

Answer 20

vascular and cellular

Question 21

Steps in the vascular response of inflammation

Answer 21

I: Vasoconstriction
II: Active vasodilation (rubor and calor)
III: Passive vasodilation (tumor)

Question 22

Sequence of events in the cellular response of inflammation

Answer 22

Chemotaxis
Rolling
Migration
Phagocytosis

Question 23

The first cells to arrive at the sight of injury are cells of the _____ immunity, such as granulocytes, monocytes, and natural killer cells.

Answer 23

innate

Question 24

Immune cells have to use _____ to get from the vasculature into the tissues to respond to injury.

Answer 24

CAM: cell adhesion molecules

Question 25

4 types of CAM

Answer 25

Selectins Mucins Integrins Ig-superfamily CAM

Question 26

CAMs that bind carbohydrate moieties and are responsible for leukocyte interaction with the endothelium during the initial phase of inflammation.

Answer 26

Selectins

Question 27

Important Selectins

Answer 27

``` Selectin E (CD62E) Selectin L (CD62L) Selectin P (CD62P) ```

Question 28

Selectin expressed on leukocytes

Answer 28

Selectin L (CD62L)

Question 29

Selectins expressed on endothelium during inflammation

Answer 29

Selectin P (CD62P) - contained in granules in endothelial cells Selectin E (CD62E) - synthesized following stimulation by cytokines

Question 30

Heavily glycosylated, serine and threonine rich CAM proteins that bond to selectins

Answer 30

Mucins

Question 31

Mucin on endothelial cells that binds to CD62L on leukocytes

Answer 31

CD34

Question 32

Mucin on neutrophils that binds to Selectin E and P on endothelial cells

Answer 32

PSGL-1

Question 33

Heterodimeric CAM proteins that have a and b chains that form a binding site for Ig-superfamily

Answer 33

Integrins

Question 34

Leukocytes express integrins with ___ chains

Answer 34

B2 (CD18)

Question 35

Deficiency in B2 integrin leads to what disease?

Answer 35

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) *autosomal recessive immunodeficiency

Question 36

How do symptoms of LAD manifest?

Answer 36

Recurrent bacterial infections. Neutrophils are unable to extravasate.

Question 37

CAMs of the _______ are expressed on endothelial cells and bind to integrins.

Answer 37

Ig-superfamily

Question 38

MAdCAM-1 is responsible for

Answer 38

migration of leukocytes to the mucosa

Question 39

If CAMs such as CD62L (selectin) and CD18 (integrin) are non functional, what will happen to the immune cells?

Answer 39

Won't be able to extravasate into the tissues

Question 40

Stimulation of the endothelial cells in the initial phase of inflammation, which leads to increased expression of CAMs is known as...

Answer 40

endothelial cell activation

Question 41

4 phases of extravasation of leukocytes

Answer 41

Rolling Activation Arrest/adhesion Transendothelial migration